CogSci 115 Final UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
goals and focuses of CBT - focus: changing maladaptive thinking
- goals: minimize negative and self-defeating thoughts, cultivate positive and
goal-consistent thoughts
cognitive reappraisal of emotion - identify and change the way situations, emotions, etc are viewed in order to
change their affective impact
- increases positive emotions, decreases negative emotions
- very very common in psychotherapy
reappraisal recruits______ regions prefrontal cortex (including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC: executive functions, cognitive
elaboration), lateral temporal cortex (semantic and perceptual representation),
posterior parietal cortex (sustained attention), modulated emotional responding
in the amygdala
suggested way cognitive reappraisal works changing the meaning we give to a stimulus --> reduces amygdala activity -->
potentially stressful stimuli less stressful
emotion regulation is modulated by interconnections of - orbitrofrontal cortex (OFC): evaluation of emotional salience, selection of
which areas? many of these connections play a role in behaviors
cognitive reappraisal - anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): emotional state interpretation, motivated
behavior
- anterior insular cortex (AIC): conscious appraisal of bodily states to trigger
emotion regulation processes
- AMYGDALA
EEG studies about cognitive reappraisal found: - reduction in magnitude of late positive potential (LPP) was found in response to
negative stimuli
, caveats to cognitive reappraisal - may be maladaptive when stressors are controllable (patients with controllable
stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with greater levels of
depression)
- may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (patients with uncontrollable
stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of
depression)
what is negative reappraisal? what is positive reappraisal? - negative: decreasing negative condition, "this situation is not as bad as it first
seemed"
- positive: increasing positive condition, "they will be grateful that they had this
experience"
fMRI results of positive vs negative reappraisal - both shortened duration of responses in the amygdala, insula, and superior
temporal gyrus and lengthened responses in PFC regions
- only negative decreased intensity of amygdala activation
- intensity of activity in medial PFC (cog. control of emotion) only increased in
positive
overall takeaways of positive vs negative reappraisal - positive may involve more engagement with the emotional stimulus / positive
may require more active cognitive effort
traditional CBT uses your _____ to help guide your ________ thoughts, emotions
newer variants of CBT uses your_____to help guide your emotions, thoughts
______
_____reappraisal led to greater increases in positive positive, negative
affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance than
____ appraisal
study about technique of suppressing emotions revealed: - experience and express less positive emotion and greater negative emotion
- have worse interpersonal functioning
- report lower overall levels of well-being
future gain reappraisal tactic - one big factor in determining whether you see a situation as stressful or as a
challenge is your beliefs about the eventual outcome
- epitomizes what optimism is all about
breast cancer survivor study (future gain reappraisal key factor that distinguished survivors was the view that their lives had been
tactic) altered for the better after developing the disease (2/3 of survivors reported this)
study on preschoolers first day of school - outgoing, socially competent, well liked: showed high activity in stress hormones
on first day of school, decreased as year went on
- unhappy, socially isolated: low stress hormone levels on first day, increased
throughout year
people have more peak experiences during (work or - work! but they will say that they prefer leisure time
leisure time)? what does that suggest? - suggests our association of effort with pain and leisure with pleasure is so
deeply rooted that it distorts our perception of the actual experience
- severely limits our potential for happiness if we cannot recognize our positive
experiences
goals and focuses of CBT - focus: changing maladaptive thinking
- goals: minimize negative and self-defeating thoughts, cultivate positive and
goal-consistent thoughts
cognitive reappraisal of emotion - identify and change the way situations, emotions, etc are viewed in order to
change their affective impact
- increases positive emotions, decreases negative emotions
- very very common in psychotherapy
reappraisal recruits______ regions prefrontal cortex (including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC: executive functions, cognitive
elaboration), lateral temporal cortex (semantic and perceptual representation),
posterior parietal cortex (sustained attention), modulated emotional responding
in the amygdala
suggested way cognitive reappraisal works changing the meaning we give to a stimulus --> reduces amygdala activity -->
potentially stressful stimuli less stressful
emotion regulation is modulated by interconnections of - orbitrofrontal cortex (OFC): evaluation of emotional salience, selection of
which areas? many of these connections play a role in behaviors
cognitive reappraisal - anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): emotional state interpretation, motivated
behavior
- anterior insular cortex (AIC): conscious appraisal of bodily states to trigger
emotion regulation processes
- AMYGDALA
EEG studies about cognitive reappraisal found: - reduction in magnitude of late positive potential (LPP) was found in response to
negative stimuli
, caveats to cognitive reappraisal - may be maladaptive when stressors are controllable (patients with controllable
stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with greater levels of
depression)
- may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (patients with uncontrollable
stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of
depression)
what is negative reappraisal? what is positive reappraisal? - negative: decreasing negative condition, "this situation is not as bad as it first
seemed"
- positive: increasing positive condition, "they will be grateful that they had this
experience"
fMRI results of positive vs negative reappraisal - both shortened duration of responses in the amygdala, insula, and superior
temporal gyrus and lengthened responses in PFC regions
- only negative decreased intensity of amygdala activation
- intensity of activity in medial PFC (cog. control of emotion) only increased in
positive
overall takeaways of positive vs negative reappraisal - positive may involve more engagement with the emotional stimulus / positive
may require more active cognitive effort
traditional CBT uses your _____ to help guide your ________ thoughts, emotions
newer variants of CBT uses your_____to help guide your emotions, thoughts
______
_____reappraisal led to greater increases in positive positive, negative
affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance than
____ appraisal
study about technique of suppressing emotions revealed: - experience and express less positive emotion and greater negative emotion
- have worse interpersonal functioning
- report lower overall levels of well-being
future gain reappraisal tactic - one big factor in determining whether you see a situation as stressful or as a
challenge is your beliefs about the eventual outcome
- epitomizes what optimism is all about
breast cancer survivor study (future gain reappraisal key factor that distinguished survivors was the view that their lives had been
tactic) altered for the better after developing the disease (2/3 of survivors reported this)
study on preschoolers first day of school - outgoing, socially competent, well liked: showed high activity in stress hormones
on first day of school, decreased as year went on
- unhappy, socially isolated: low stress hormone levels on first day, increased
throughout year
people have more peak experiences during (work or - work! but they will say that they prefer leisure time
leisure time)? what does that suggest? - suggests our association of effort with pain and leisure with pleasure is so
deeply rooted that it distorts our perception of the actual experience
- severely limits our potential for happiness if we cannot recognize our positive
experiences
