CogSci 1B Midterm 1-Final UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Neural Basis of Perception Began in 1980's when people were getting better at neural imaging techinques
Pathways of Visual Information (2) Dorsal Stream (Finding a dolphin's dorsal fin): Spatial location, begin in the striate
cortex and then end in the posterior parietal
Ventral Stream: What it is and form: Striate and then goes to the temporal cortex
Marr's tri-level information hypothesis Information processing is held at 3 levels
Computational: Highest most abstract level
Algorithm: What is it. Specifies how the data will be transformed
Implementation: What do we need: How do representations get represented
physically?
Marr's theory of visual processing (Follows from the tri- Take complex stimuli and represent them
level information hypothesis)
1.
Light and dark features and make a very rough sketch
2.
2.5 dimensional thing where you're trying but still bound by the viewing location,
and it changes with movement and motion
3.
Finally 3-dimensional!!! Solves constancy problem that it'll change when you
move because you see all of it
But .. bad b/c didn't have neural implementation; was too ideal
Elongation Axis (Marr) The axis by which most of the objects matter is revolved around
Symmetry Axis (Marrs) Axis by which it's symmetric in mirror halves
Flow of Visual Information Starts at the optic nerve, goes through the optic chaism and splits off into 2
before heading into the brainstem before going into the thalamus (LGN: Lateral
geniculate cortex) and then V1 and V2 and splits into dorsal/ventral streams
V1: Primary Visual Cortex Coming from LGN
Process low level features which feature detectors that try to do orientation and
direction of movement, finding edges and countours
Maps onto the V2/Striate cortex
, V2: Striate Cortex Coming from V1. tries to do more complex arrangements of edges and shape.
Also does depth and determines retinal disparity, which is just because of
binocular vision.
In the extrastriate cortex, uust outisde, they process more shit
Stereopsis Depth Perception
Trichromatic Theory of Coloar Retina has 3 cones: red, green, and blue
Opponent Process Theory of Color Color receptor cells have an excitatory center and inhibitory surround and the
color pairings
Color and marketing Color can affect marketing: duh w/ assocations
Ventral Pathway The 'what' stream
After being in V2, it's sent to V4 and then the ITC, inferior temporal cortex, which is
responsible for identifying faces and body parts.
Blindsight Rare condition where people who are blind in a visual field can 'guess' things in
their non-vision, like location of an object or the emotion of a face.
What explains blindsight? A theory that visual processing can skip the visual cortex and go straight into the
limbic system
This explains the 'intuition' b'c it;'s more emotional and instinctual
Debate in representation of information Analog code (as a picture) or propositional (descriptive)
Sparked from Roger Shepherd and Jacqueline Metzler
Evidence for Analog Code Used in identifying visual imagery. Since it takes longer to rotate specific
objects/orientations, the amount of time information gets processed depends.
Evidence for analog code because it wouldn't be processed like compute
Also the plane task: The farther things were from this plane the longer it took to
process
Evidence for descriptive When you look at an image results depend on how you saw it.
Also ambiguous images are difficult to re-learn so you're almost stuck on the first
perceptions\
Music on Cognition Slow background music slows people down but has been suggested its just in
minor
People listening to tritone/dissonance more likely to be swayed by individualized
information rather than aggregate
Activates all areas of brain at once!
CORRECT Answers
Neural Basis of Perception Began in 1980's when people were getting better at neural imaging techinques
Pathways of Visual Information (2) Dorsal Stream (Finding a dolphin's dorsal fin): Spatial location, begin in the striate
cortex and then end in the posterior parietal
Ventral Stream: What it is and form: Striate and then goes to the temporal cortex
Marr's tri-level information hypothesis Information processing is held at 3 levels
Computational: Highest most abstract level
Algorithm: What is it. Specifies how the data will be transformed
Implementation: What do we need: How do representations get represented
physically?
Marr's theory of visual processing (Follows from the tri- Take complex stimuli and represent them
level information hypothesis)
1.
Light and dark features and make a very rough sketch
2.
2.5 dimensional thing where you're trying but still bound by the viewing location,
and it changes with movement and motion
3.
Finally 3-dimensional!!! Solves constancy problem that it'll change when you
move because you see all of it
But .. bad b/c didn't have neural implementation; was too ideal
Elongation Axis (Marr) The axis by which most of the objects matter is revolved around
Symmetry Axis (Marrs) Axis by which it's symmetric in mirror halves
Flow of Visual Information Starts at the optic nerve, goes through the optic chaism and splits off into 2
before heading into the brainstem before going into the thalamus (LGN: Lateral
geniculate cortex) and then V1 and V2 and splits into dorsal/ventral streams
V1: Primary Visual Cortex Coming from LGN
Process low level features which feature detectors that try to do orientation and
direction of movement, finding edges and countours
Maps onto the V2/Striate cortex
, V2: Striate Cortex Coming from V1. tries to do more complex arrangements of edges and shape.
Also does depth and determines retinal disparity, which is just because of
binocular vision.
In the extrastriate cortex, uust outisde, they process more shit
Stereopsis Depth Perception
Trichromatic Theory of Coloar Retina has 3 cones: red, green, and blue
Opponent Process Theory of Color Color receptor cells have an excitatory center and inhibitory surround and the
color pairings
Color and marketing Color can affect marketing: duh w/ assocations
Ventral Pathway The 'what' stream
After being in V2, it's sent to V4 and then the ITC, inferior temporal cortex, which is
responsible for identifying faces and body parts.
Blindsight Rare condition where people who are blind in a visual field can 'guess' things in
their non-vision, like location of an object or the emotion of a face.
What explains blindsight? A theory that visual processing can skip the visual cortex and go straight into the
limbic system
This explains the 'intuition' b'c it;'s more emotional and instinctual
Debate in representation of information Analog code (as a picture) or propositional (descriptive)
Sparked from Roger Shepherd and Jacqueline Metzler
Evidence for Analog Code Used in identifying visual imagery. Since it takes longer to rotate specific
objects/orientations, the amount of time information gets processed depends.
Evidence for analog code because it wouldn't be processed like compute
Also the plane task: The farther things were from this plane the longer it took to
process
Evidence for descriptive When you look at an image results depend on how you saw it.
Also ambiguous images are difficult to re-learn so you're almost stuck on the first
perceptions\
Music on Cognition Slow background music slows people down but has been suggested its just in
minor
People listening to tritone/dissonance more likely to be swayed by individualized
information rather than aggregate
Activates all areas of brain at once!
