CogSci Final Exam review UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
David Marr's 3 Levels of explanation function, algorithmic, physical
input-output equivalence the very same function can be computed by multiple distinct algorithms. Involves
levels 1 and 2
multiple realizability a single algorithm can be realized in multiple different substrates. Involves levels 2
and 3
system 1 the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
system 2 the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking
fear processing low road pathway 1. low sensory processing in thalamus
2. unconscious appraisal of situation
3. activation of fear effector program
fear processing high road pathway 1. low level sensory processing in thalamus
2. conscious interpretation of situation
3. activation of the fear effector program
how language is universal -present in all human societies
-within a group, everyone of normal intelligence develops a language
-same complexity everywhere
underdetermined problems solved by innate structures -language
-infant cognition
-perception
poverty of the stimulus argument there is a mismatch between meager input and sophisticated/complex output
PotS in language a child can speak more than they were taught
-universal grammar
PotS moral judgement Mikhail makes a poverty of the stimulus argument for universal moral grammar
PotS infant cognition babies appear to know more than they were taught
-intuitive physics, arithmetic, stat. reasoning
Tacit Knowledge Language: interrogative rule
Perception: hidden assumptions
Infant cognition: intuitive physics
Moral Judgement: doctrine of double effect
, a modular system has these features -mandatory
-fast
-domain specific
-informationally incapsulated
-inaccessible
-discretely neurally localized
problem of inverse optics Our world is in 3D but our retinas only allow us to see in 2D. Our brain can't
reconstruct a 2D representation of the 3D world. We solve this with hidden
assumptions
hidden assumption 1. There is a single above light source
2. things in shadows are really lighter than what sensors currently detect
3. things tend to move in a straight line
4. all points on a moving object are assumed to move in synchrony
5. a moving object will consistently cover and uncover portions of a background
Bayesian Perception Inference posterior probability = (likelihood * prior probability) / normalizing term
studies that prove innateness in perception chickens and light from above
sugita study with monkey facial preference
Prosopagnosia inability to recognize faces/face blindness
-lesions to the fusiform face area
shows how face processing is modular and neurally discretely localized
intuitive physics in babies 1. continuity
2. solidity
3. cohesion
4. contact
5. gravity
what explain associationism a bunch of association between specific verbal actions and specific situations
how did it get there (A) associationistic learning, in particular instrumental learning
problems with associationism doesn't explain:
stimulus independence
novelty
productivity
systemeticity
what explains cognitivism phrase structure grammars: abstract combinatoric rules
how did it get there (C) much of it is innate - universal grammar
problems none! it explains:
stimulus independence
novelty
productivity
systemeticity
CORRECT Answers
David Marr's 3 Levels of explanation function, algorithmic, physical
input-output equivalence the very same function can be computed by multiple distinct algorithms. Involves
levels 1 and 2
multiple realizability a single algorithm can be realized in multiple different substrates. Involves levels 2
and 3
system 1 the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
system 2 the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking
fear processing low road pathway 1. low sensory processing in thalamus
2. unconscious appraisal of situation
3. activation of fear effector program
fear processing high road pathway 1. low level sensory processing in thalamus
2. conscious interpretation of situation
3. activation of the fear effector program
how language is universal -present in all human societies
-within a group, everyone of normal intelligence develops a language
-same complexity everywhere
underdetermined problems solved by innate structures -language
-infant cognition
-perception
poverty of the stimulus argument there is a mismatch between meager input and sophisticated/complex output
PotS in language a child can speak more than they were taught
-universal grammar
PotS moral judgement Mikhail makes a poverty of the stimulus argument for universal moral grammar
PotS infant cognition babies appear to know more than they were taught
-intuitive physics, arithmetic, stat. reasoning
Tacit Knowledge Language: interrogative rule
Perception: hidden assumptions
Infant cognition: intuitive physics
Moral Judgement: doctrine of double effect
, a modular system has these features -mandatory
-fast
-domain specific
-informationally incapsulated
-inaccessible
-discretely neurally localized
problem of inverse optics Our world is in 3D but our retinas only allow us to see in 2D. Our brain can't
reconstruct a 2D representation of the 3D world. We solve this with hidden
assumptions
hidden assumption 1. There is a single above light source
2. things in shadows are really lighter than what sensors currently detect
3. things tend to move in a straight line
4. all points on a moving object are assumed to move in synchrony
5. a moving object will consistently cover and uncover portions of a background
Bayesian Perception Inference posterior probability = (likelihood * prior probability) / normalizing term
studies that prove innateness in perception chickens and light from above
sugita study with monkey facial preference
Prosopagnosia inability to recognize faces/face blindness
-lesions to the fusiform face area
shows how face processing is modular and neurally discretely localized
intuitive physics in babies 1. continuity
2. solidity
3. cohesion
4. contact
5. gravity
what explain associationism a bunch of association between specific verbal actions and specific situations
how did it get there (A) associationistic learning, in particular instrumental learning
problems with associationism doesn't explain:
stimulus independence
novelty
productivity
systemeticity
what explains cognitivism phrase structure grammars: abstract combinatoric rules
how did it get there (C) much of it is innate - universal grammar
problems none! it explains:
stimulus independence
novelty
productivity
systemeticity
