NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(CHAMBERLAIN) EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A decrease in ATP production within a cell most directly results in:
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of sodium-potassium pumps
C. DNA replication acceleration
D. Enhanced lysosomal stability
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ATP is required to maintain sodium-potassium pump function. ATP
depletion leads to loss of ionic gradients, cell swelling, and eventual injury.
2. Which condition most commonly results in reversible cellular injury?
A. Prolonged ischemia
B. Severe mitochondrial damage
C. Mild hypoxia
D. Extensive membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mild hypoxia causes reversible injury if oxygen delivery is restored
before permanent damage occurs.
,3. Cell swelling during acute injury occurs primarily because of:
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Loss of membrane integrity
C. Sodium and water influx
D. Calcium extrusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs ion pumps, leading to sodium and water
entering the cell and causing swelling.
4. Which intracellular ion plays the greatest role in triggering cell death
pathways?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes that
damage membranes, proteins, and DNA.
5. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes surrounding tissue inflammation
B. Results from acute traumatic injury
C. Is genetically regulated
D. Leads to cellular swelling
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed process regulated by genes and
does not provoke inflammation.
,6. Free radicals cause cellular damage primarily by:
A. Enhancing ATP synthesis
B. Disrupting DNA replication
C. Initiating lipid peroxidation
D. Increasing membrane fluidity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Free radicals damage cell membranes through lipid peroxidation,
leading to loss of membrane integrity.
7. Which factor most strongly determines whether a cell adapts or dies under
stress?
A. Patient age
B. Cell type and metabolic demand
C. Blood glucose level
D. Body temperature
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cells with high metabolic demands, such as neurons and cardiac cells,
are more vulnerable to injury.
8. An increase in cell size due to increased functional demand is known as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, commonly seen in muscle cells.
, 9. Which adaptation increases the risk for malignant transformation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and organization and may
progress to cancer.
10. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of:
A. Neutrophils only
B. Tissue destruction and fibrosis
C. Minimal immune activity
D. Rapid resolution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves ongoing tissue injury, immune cell
infiltration, and fibrosis.
11. Which mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Complement proteins
D. Prostaglandins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
early in inflammation.
(CHAMBERLAIN) EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A decrease in ATP production within a cell most directly results in:
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of sodium-potassium pumps
C. DNA replication acceleration
D. Enhanced lysosomal stability
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ATP is required to maintain sodium-potassium pump function. ATP
depletion leads to loss of ionic gradients, cell swelling, and eventual injury.
2. Which condition most commonly results in reversible cellular injury?
A. Prolonged ischemia
B. Severe mitochondrial damage
C. Mild hypoxia
D. Extensive membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mild hypoxia causes reversible injury if oxygen delivery is restored
before permanent damage occurs.
,3. Cell swelling during acute injury occurs primarily because of:
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Loss of membrane integrity
C. Sodium and water influx
D. Calcium extrusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs ion pumps, leading to sodium and water
entering the cell and causing swelling.
4. Which intracellular ion plays the greatest role in triggering cell death
pathways?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes that
damage membranes, proteins, and DNA.
5. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes surrounding tissue inflammation
B. Results from acute traumatic injury
C. Is genetically regulated
D. Leads to cellular swelling
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed process regulated by genes and
does not provoke inflammation.
,6. Free radicals cause cellular damage primarily by:
A. Enhancing ATP synthesis
B. Disrupting DNA replication
C. Initiating lipid peroxidation
D. Increasing membrane fluidity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Free radicals damage cell membranes through lipid peroxidation,
leading to loss of membrane integrity.
7. Which factor most strongly determines whether a cell adapts or dies under
stress?
A. Patient age
B. Cell type and metabolic demand
C. Blood glucose level
D. Body temperature
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cells with high metabolic demands, such as neurons and cardiac cells,
are more vulnerable to injury.
8. An increase in cell size due to increased functional demand is known as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, commonly seen in muscle cells.
, 9. Which adaptation increases the risk for malignant transformation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and organization and may
progress to cancer.
10. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of:
A. Neutrophils only
B. Tissue destruction and fibrosis
C. Minimal immune activity
D. Rapid resolution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves ongoing tissue injury, immune cell
infiltration, and fibrosis.
11. Which mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Complement proteins
D. Prostaglandins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
early in inflammation.
