BSC2085 Anatomy I Exam 1 review BC Frantz Sainvil
chapter 3 and 4 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
squamous cell thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
polygonal cell irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
stellate cell star-like shape
cuboidal cell square and circular nucleus
columnar cell rectangular and oval nucleus
spheroid cell round to oval shaped
discoid cell disc-shaped
fusiform cell thick in the middle, tapered towards the ends
fibrous cell threatlike shape
when the cell grows, ___ increases volume
cytoplasm contains organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (ICF) - broth
cytosol fluid portion of cytoplasm (broth)
resolution reveals ultrastructure (organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol ICF)
plasma membrane - surrounds cell and defines boundaries
- made of proteins and lipids
- composition and function varies depending on regioin
extracellular fluid fluid outside cell
intracellular face membrace side of membrane that faces cytoplasm
extracellular face membrane side of membrane that faces outwards
phospholipids 75% of membrane lipids is composed of this amphiphilic molecule arranged in a
bilayer. the hydrophilic heads face the water on each side of membrane. the
hydrophobic tails are directed to the center of the membrane, avoiding the water.
cholesterol 20% of membrane lipids
- stiffens the membrane
, glycolipids 5% of membrane lipids.
- phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
- contributes to glycocalyx
membrane proteins 2% of molecules in the membrane but they make up 50% of the membrane weight
transmembrane proteins - pass through membrane
- have hydrophilic regions that are in contact with cytoplasm and ECF
- has hydrophilic regions that pass back and forth membrane
- most are glycoproteins
- can drift about freely or are anchored to cytoskeleton
peripheral proteins - adhere to either side of membrane, to the cytoskeleton
receptors cell communicatiioin via chemical signals.
- the receptors are surface proteins on membrane of target cells
- they bind to chemical signals
second messenger produced after chemical signal binds to receptor and triggers a change in the cell
enzymes they carry out final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small system
they help produce the second messenger
breaks down used chemical signals and hormones once their job is done
channel proteins transmembranes with pores that allow water and certain ions to pass through
membrane.
- some are constantly open
- some are gated and respond to stimuli
- plays role timing oof signals and muscle contraction
carriers/pumps transfer transmembrane proteins across membrane using ATP
cell-identity markers glycoproteins acting as identification tags for our bodies to identify which cells
belong and which are foreign invaders
cell adhesiion molecules they adhere cells to each other and ECF. cells will not grow if they are not
mechanically linked to the extracellular material (except sperm-egg binding)
second messenger system 1- epinephrine (1st signal) binds to receptor
2. g protein activates after this bind
3. g protein relays signal to adenylate cyclase which will convert ATP into cAMP
(2nd messenger)
4. cAMP is produced and activates kinase in the cytosol
5. kinase adds phosphate groups to other enzymes, activating or deactivating
them
chapter 3 and 4 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
squamous cell thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
polygonal cell irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
stellate cell star-like shape
cuboidal cell square and circular nucleus
columnar cell rectangular and oval nucleus
spheroid cell round to oval shaped
discoid cell disc-shaped
fusiform cell thick in the middle, tapered towards the ends
fibrous cell threatlike shape
when the cell grows, ___ increases volume
cytoplasm contains organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (ICF) - broth
cytosol fluid portion of cytoplasm (broth)
resolution reveals ultrastructure (organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol ICF)
plasma membrane - surrounds cell and defines boundaries
- made of proteins and lipids
- composition and function varies depending on regioin
extracellular fluid fluid outside cell
intracellular face membrace side of membrane that faces cytoplasm
extracellular face membrane side of membrane that faces outwards
phospholipids 75% of membrane lipids is composed of this amphiphilic molecule arranged in a
bilayer. the hydrophilic heads face the water on each side of membrane. the
hydrophobic tails are directed to the center of the membrane, avoiding the water.
cholesterol 20% of membrane lipids
- stiffens the membrane
, glycolipids 5% of membrane lipids.
- phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
- contributes to glycocalyx
membrane proteins 2% of molecules in the membrane but they make up 50% of the membrane weight
transmembrane proteins - pass through membrane
- have hydrophilic regions that are in contact with cytoplasm and ECF
- has hydrophilic regions that pass back and forth membrane
- most are glycoproteins
- can drift about freely or are anchored to cytoskeleton
peripheral proteins - adhere to either side of membrane, to the cytoskeleton
receptors cell communicatiioin via chemical signals.
- the receptors are surface proteins on membrane of target cells
- they bind to chemical signals
second messenger produced after chemical signal binds to receptor and triggers a change in the cell
enzymes they carry out final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small system
they help produce the second messenger
breaks down used chemical signals and hormones once their job is done
channel proteins transmembranes with pores that allow water and certain ions to pass through
membrane.
- some are constantly open
- some are gated and respond to stimuli
- plays role timing oof signals and muscle contraction
carriers/pumps transfer transmembrane proteins across membrane using ATP
cell-identity markers glycoproteins acting as identification tags for our bodies to identify which cells
belong and which are foreign invaders
cell adhesiion molecules they adhere cells to each other and ECF. cells will not grow if they are not
mechanically linked to the extracellular material (except sperm-egg binding)
second messenger system 1- epinephrine (1st signal) binds to receptor
2. g protein activates after this bind
3. g protein relays signal to adenylate cyclase which will convert ATP into cAMP
(2nd messenger)
4. cAMP is produced and activates kinase in the cytosol
5. kinase adds phosphate groups to other enzymes, activating or deactivating
them
