BIOD 121: Comprehensive Final Review (1-350)
Exam Portage Learning Questions and Answers 2026
BIOD 121 Comprehensive Final Review (1-350)
1. Which of the following is an "organic" nutrient that does NOT provide energy?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Vitamins
C) Minerals
D) Fats
Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamins are organic (contain carbon) but provide 0 kcal/g. Minerals are
inorganic and also provide no energy.
2. A snack contains 10g of Fat, 20g of Carbs, and 5g of Protein. Total calories?
A) 140 kcal
B) 190 kcal
C) 210 kcal
D) 250 kcal
Answer: B
Rationale: (10g x 9) + (20g x 4) + (5g x 4) = 90 + 80 + 20 = 190 kcal.
3. The "Lower Esophageal Sphincter" prevents backflow of stomach acid into the:
A) Small Intestine
B) Esophagus
C) Mouth
D) Trachea
Answer: B
Rationale: Malfunction of this sphincter causes GERD (acid reflux/heartburn).
4. Which organ is the primary site of nutrient absorption?
A) Stomach
B) Large Intestine
C) Small Intestine
D) Pancreas
Answer: C
,Rationale: The villi and microvilli of the small intestine provide a massive surface area
for absorption.
5. "Glycogen" is the storage form of glucose in humans, found in the:
A) Adipose tissue
B) Liver and Muscles
C) Bones
D) Brain
Answer: B
Rationale: Muscle glycogen fuels the muscle; liver glycogen maintains blood glucose.
6. Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar is LOW?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Estrogen
D) Cortisol
Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
(Glycogenolysis).
7. Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by:
A) Insulin resistance
B) An autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
C) Being overweight
D) Excessive sugar intake in childhood
Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 is an absolute insulin deficiency; Type 2 is typically insulin resistance
related to lifestyle.
8. Which lipoprotein is considered "Good Cholesterol" because it removes
plaque?
A) LDL
B) VLDL
C) HDL
D) Chylomicrons
Answer: C
Rationale: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol back to the liver for
excretion.
9. "Saturated Fats" are typically ________ at room temperature.
A) Liquid
,B) Solid
C) Gaseous
D) Translucent
Answer: B
Rationale: Saturated fats (like butter or lard) have no double bonds, allowing them to
pack tightly.
10. Proteins are unique because they contain which element?
A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
Answer: C
Rationale: Nitrogen is the key component of the amino group in all amino acids.
11. A "Complete Protein" contains:
A) All 20 amino acids
B) All 9 essential amino acids
C) Only non-essential amino acids
D) High levels of fiber
Answer: B
Rationale: Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet because the body
cannot synthesize them.
12. "Scurvy" is a deficiency of ________; "Pellagra" is a deficiency of ________.
A) Vitamin D; Vitamin C
B) Vitamin C; Niacin
C) Niacin; Folate
D) Thiamin; Riboflavin
Answer: B
Rationale: Scurvy (bleeding gums) and Pellagra (4 D's) are classic vitamin deficiency
diseases.
13. Which vitamin requires "Intrinsic Factor" and stomach acid for absorption?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B-12
C) Folate
D) Vitamin A
Answer: B
, Rationale: B-12 deficiency is common in the elderly due to decreased stomach acid
(atrophic gastritis).
14. Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones?
A) Iron
B) Iodine
C) Calcium
D) Zinc
Answer: B
Rationale: Iodine deficiency leads to goiter (enlarged thyroid).
15. "Bioavailability" refers to:
A) The cost of food
B) The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available for use
C) The calories per gram
D) The shelf life of a vitamin
Answer: B
Rationale: Binders like oxalates in spinach can decrease the bioavailability of calcium.
16. What is the BMI of an individual who is 5'10" (70 inches) and 180 lbs?
A) 22.5
B) 25.8
C) 30.1
D) 28.4
Answer: B
Rationale: BMI = [Weight (lbs) / Height (in)^2] x 703. [] x 703 = 25.8
(Overweight).
17. "Upper Body Obesity" (Apple shape) is associated with higher risk of:
A) Osteoporosis
B) Heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes
C) Skin cancer
D) Anemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Visceral fat (abdominal fat) is metabolically active and increases
inflammation.
18. The "Set Point Theory" suggests that:
A) Body weight is determined only by calories in vs. calories out
B) The body has a genetically predetermined weight it tries to maintain
C) Everyone should weigh the same at age 25
Exam Portage Learning Questions and Answers 2026
BIOD 121 Comprehensive Final Review (1-350)
1. Which of the following is an "organic" nutrient that does NOT provide energy?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Vitamins
C) Minerals
D) Fats
Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamins are organic (contain carbon) but provide 0 kcal/g. Minerals are
inorganic and also provide no energy.
2. A snack contains 10g of Fat, 20g of Carbs, and 5g of Protein. Total calories?
A) 140 kcal
B) 190 kcal
C) 210 kcal
D) 250 kcal
Answer: B
Rationale: (10g x 9) + (20g x 4) + (5g x 4) = 90 + 80 + 20 = 190 kcal.
3. The "Lower Esophageal Sphincter" prevents backflow of stomach acid into the:
A) Small Intestine
B) Esophagus
C) Mouth
D) Trachea
Answer: B
Rationale: Malfunction of this sphincter causes GERD (acid reflux/heartburn).
4. Which organ is the primary site of nutrient absorption?
A) Stomach
B) Large Intestine
C) Small Intestine
D) Pancreas
Answer: C
,Rationale: The villi and microvilli of the small intestine provide a massive surface area
for absorption.
5. "Glycogen" is the storage form of glucose in humans, found in the:
A) Adipose tissue
B) Liver and Muscles
C) Bones
D) Brain
Answer: B
Rationale: Muscle glycogen fuels the muscle; liver glycogen maintains blood glucose.
6. Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar is LOW?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Estrogen
D) Cortisol
Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
(Glycogenolysis).
7. Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by:
A) Insulin resistance
B) An autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
C) Being overweight
D) Excessive sugar intake in childhood
Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 is an absolute insulin deficiency; Type 2 is typically insulin resistance
related to lifestyle.
8. Which lipoprotein is considered "Good Cholesterol" because it removes
plaque?
A) LDL
B) VLDL
C) HDL
D) Chylomicrons
Answer: C
Rationale: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol back to the liver for
excretion.
9. "Saturated Fats" are typically ________ at room temperature.
A) Liquid
,B) Solid
C) Gaseous
D) Translucent
Answer: B
Rationale: Saturated fats (like butter or lard) have no double bonds, allowing them to
pack tightly.
10. Proteins are unique because they contain which element?
A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
Answer: C
Rationale: Nitrogen is the key component of the amino group in all amino acids.
11. A "Complete Protein" contains:
A) All 20 amino acids
B) All 9 essential amino acids
C) Only non-essential amino acids
D) High levels of fiber
Answer: B
Rationale: Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet because the body
cannot synthesize them.
12. "Scurvy" is a deficiency of ________; "Pellagra" is a deficiency of ________.
A) Vitamin D; Vitamin C
B) Vitamin C; Niacin
C) Niacin; Folate
D) Thiamin; Riboflavin
Answer: B
Rationale: Scurvy (bleeding gums) and Pellagra (4 D's) are classic vitamin deficiency
diseases.
13. Which vitamin requires "Intrinsic Factor" and stomach acid for absorption?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B-12
C) Folate
D) Vitamin A
Answer: B
, Rationale: B-12 deficiency is common in the elderly due to decreased stomach acid
(atrophic gastritis).
14. Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones?
A) Iron
B) Iodine
C) Calcium
D) Zinc
Answer: B
Rationale: Iodine deficiency leads to goiter (enlarged thyroid).
15. "Bioavailability" refers to:
A) The cost of food
B) The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available for use
C) The calories per gram
D) The shelf life of a vitamin
Answer: B
Rationale: Binders like oxalates in spinach can decrease the bioavailability of calcium.
16. What is the BMI of an individual who is 5'10" (70 inches) and 180 lbs?
A) 22.5
B) 25.8
C) 30.1
D) 28.4
Answer: B
Rationale: BMI = [Weight (lbs) / Height (in)^2] x 703. [] x 703 = 25.8
(Overweight).
17. "Upper Body Obesity" (Apple shape) is associated with higher risk of:
A) Osteoporosis
B) Heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes
C) Skin cancer
D) Anemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Visceral fat (abdominal fat) is metabolically active and increases
inflammation.
18. The "Set Point Theory" suggests that:
A) Body weight is determined only by calories in vs. calories out
B) The body has a genetically predetermined weight it tries to maintain
C) Everyone should weigh the same at age 25
