BIOD 331 Comprehensive Final Exam Portage Learning
Questions and Answers 2026
BIOD 331 Comprehensive Final Exam Review (1–250)
1. A patient with long-term uncontrolled hypertension shows thickening of the left
ventricular wall. This cellular adaptation is:
A) Physiological Hypertrophy
B) Pathological Hypertrophy
C) Compensatory Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to a disease state (increased
afterload) to help the heart pump against higher resistance [1].
2. Which of the following is a "Secondary" level of prevention?
A) Administering a flu vaccine.
B) Physical therapy after a stroke.
C) Performing a routine mammogram.
D) Educating a class on healthy eating.
Answer: C
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and screening of
asymptomatic disease [2].
3. "Hypoxia" leads to cellular swelling primarily because:
A) The cell produces too much ATP.
B) The Sodium-Potassium (Na+/K+) pump fails due to lack of ATP.
C) The cell membrane becomes too thick.
D) Protein synthesis increases rapidly.
Answer: B
Rationale: Without ATP, sodium stays inside the cell, pulling water in via osmosis,
leading to hydropic swelling [3].
4. "Apoptosis" differs from "Necrosis" in that apoptosis:
A) Causes massive inflammation.
B) Is an unregulated, accidental cell death.
C) Is a programmed, highly regulated "cell suicide" that avoids inflammation.
,D) Only occurs after a heart attack.
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis removes redundant or damaged cells cleanly without spilling
cellular contents [4].
5. Which cardinal sign of inflammation is caused by increased capillary
permeability?
A) Rubor (Redness)
B) Calor (Heat)
C) Tumor (Swelling/Edema)
D) Dolor (Pain)
Answer: C
Rationale: Increased permeability allows protein-rich fluid (exudate) to leak into the
interstitial space [5].
6. "Malignant" tumors are characterized by which of the following?
A) Encapsulation and slow growth.
B) Well-differentiated cells that look like the parent tissue.
C) The ability to invade local tissue and metastasize to distant sites.
D) A lack of blood supply (Angiogenesis).
Answer: C
Rationale: Malignancy is defined by invasiveness and the potential for distant spread
[6].
7. In the TNM Staging System, "T2 N1 M0" indicates:
A) A large tumor with no lymph node involvement.
B) A medium-sized tumor, regional lymph node involvement, and no distant metastasis.
C) A benign growth in the lungs.
D) Total body metastasis.
Answer: B
Rationale: T=Size, N=Nodes, M=Metastasis [7].
8. Which antibody (immunoglobulin) is the first to appear in a primary immune
response?
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE
Answer: C
,Rationale: IgM is a large pentamer produced early; IgG dominates the secondary,
"memory" response [8].
9. "Type I Hypersensitivity" (Anaphylaxis) is mediated by which antibody?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) IgE
D) IgA
Answer: C
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells, causing the release of histamine upon allergen
exposure [9].
10. A "CD4 Count" below ________ cells/µL is a diagnostic marker for AIDS.
A) 1000
B) 500
C) 200
D) 50
Answer: C
Rationale: At this level, the immune system is severely compromised, allowing for
opportunistic infections [10].
11. Which organ produces "Erythropoietin" to stimulate red blood cell
production?
A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Kidneys
D) Bone Marrow
Answer: C
Rationale: The kidneys sense low oxygen (hypoxia) and signal the marrow to increase
RBC output [11].
12. "Sickle Cell Anemia" is a genetic disorder affecting the structure of:
A) Platelets
B) White blood cells
C) Hemoglobin (HbS)
D) Clotting factors
Answer: C
Rationale: HbS polymerizes under low oxygen, causing the "sickle" shape that obstructs
blood flow [12].
, 13. "Pernicious Anemia" results from a deficiency of ________ needed to absorb
Vitamin B12.
A) Iron
B) Intrinsic Factor
C) Folate
D) Calcium
Answer: B
Rationale: Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach; without it, B12 cannot be
absorbed in the ileum [13].
14. "Hemophilia A" is caused by a deficiency in which clotting factor?
A) Factor VII
B) Factor VIII
C) Factor IX
D) Factor X
Answer: B
Rationale: Factor VIII deficiency is the most common form of hereditary hemophilia [14].
15. The "Philadelphia Chromosome" is the hallmark of which leukemia?
A) ALL (Acute Lymphocytic)
B) AML (Acute Myeloid)
C) CML (Chronic Myeloid)
D) CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic)
Answer: C
Rationale: The t(9;22) translocation creates the BCR-ABL oncogene that drives CML
[15].
16. "Reed-Sternberg" cells (owl-eye appearance) are diagnostic for:
A) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
B) Hodgkin Lymphoma
C) Multiple Myeloma
D) Leukemia
Answer: B
Rationale: These large, binucleated cells are the pathognomonic marker for Hodgkin’s
[16].
17. "Multiple Myeloma" is a malignancy of which cell type?
A) T-cells
B) Neutrophils
C) Plasma Cells
Questions and Answers 2026
BIOD 331 Comprehensive Final Exam Review (1–250)
1. A patient with long-term uncontrolled hypertension shows thickening of the left
ventricular wall. This cellular adaptation is:
A) Physiological Hypertrophy
B) Pathological Hypertrophy
C) Compensatory Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to a disease state (increased
afterload) to help the heart pump against higher resistance [1].
2. Which of the following is a "Secondary" level of prevention?
A) Administering a flu vaccine.
B) Physical therapy after a stroke.
C) Performing a routine mammogram.
D) Educating a class on healthy eating.
Answer: C
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and screening of
asymptomatic disease [2].
3. "Hypoxia" leads to cellular swelling primarily because:
A) The cell produces too much ATP.
B) The Sodium-Potassium (Na+/K+) pump fails due to lack of ATP.
C) The cell membrane becomes too thick.
D) Protein synthesis increases rapidly.
Answer: B
Rationale: Without ATP, sodium stays inside the cell, pulling water in via osmosis,
leading to hydropic swelling [3].
4. "Apoptosis" differs from "Necrosis" in that apoptosis:
A) Causes massive inflammation.
B) Is an unregulated, accidental cell death.
C) Is a programmed, highly regulated "cell suicide" that avoids inflammation.
,D) Only occurs after a heart attack.
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis removes redundant or damaged cells cleanly without spilling
cellular contents [4].
5. Which cardinal sign of inflammation is caused by increased capillary
permeability?
A) Rubor (Redness)
B) Calor (Heat)
C) Tumor (Swelling/Edema)
D) Dolor (Pain)
Answer: C
Rationale: Increased permeability allows protein-rich fluid (exudate) to leak into the
interstitial space [5].
6. "Malignant" tumors are characterized by which of the following?
A) Encapsulation and slow growth.
B) Well-differentiated cells that look like the parent tissue.
C) The ability to invade local tissue and metastasize to distant sites.
D) A lack of blood supply (Angiogenesis).
Answer: C
Rationale: Malignancy is defined by invasiveness and the potential for distant spread
[6].
7. In the TNM Staging System, "T2 N1 M0" indicates:
A) A large tumor with no lymph node involvement.
B) A medium-sized tumor, regional lymph node involvement, and no distant metastasis.
C) A benign growth in the lungs.
D) Total body metastasis.
Answer: B
Rationale: T=Size, N=Nodes, M=Metastasis [7].
8. Which antibody (immunoglobulin) is the first to appear in a primary immune
response?
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE
Answer: C
,Rationale: IgM is a large pentamer produced early; IgG dominates the secondary,
"memory" response [8].
9. "Type I Hypersensitivity" (Anaphylaxis) is mediated by which antibody?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) IgE
D) IgA
Answer: C
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells, causing the release of histamine upon allergen
exposure [9].
10. A "CD4 Count" below ________ cells/µL is a diagnostic marker for AIDS.
A) 1000
B) 500
C) 200
D) 50
Answer: C
Rationale: At this level, the immune system is severely compromised, allowing for
opportunistic infections [10].
11. Which organ produces "Erythropoietin" to stimulate red blood cell
production?
A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Kidneys
D) Bone Marrow
Answer: C
Rationale: The kidneys sense low oxygen (hypoxia) and signal the marrow to increase
RBC output [11].
12. "Sickle Cell Anemia" is a genetic disorder affecting the structure of:
A) Platelets
B) White blood cells
C) Hemoglobin (HbS)
D) Clotting factors
Answer: C
Rationale: HbS polymerizes under low oxygen, causing the "sickle" shape that obstructs
blood flow [12].
, 13. "Pernicious Anemia" results from a deficiency of ________ needed to absorb
Vitamin B12.
A) Iron
B) Intrinsic Factor
C) Folate
D) Calcium
Answer: B
Rationale: Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach; without it, B12 cannot be
absorbed in the ileum [13].
14. "Hemophilia A" is caused by a deficiency in which clotting factor?
A) Factor VII
B) Factor VIII
C) Factor IX
D) Factor X
Answer: B
Rationale: Factor VIII deficiency is the most common form of hereditary hemophilia [14].
15. The "Philadelphia Chromosome" is the hallmark of which leukemia?
A) ALL (Acute Lymphocytic)
B) AML (Acute Myeloid)
C) CML (Chronic Myeloid)
D) CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic)
Answer: C
Rationale: The t(9;22) translocation creates the BCR-ABL oncogene that drives CML
[15].
16. "Reed-Sternberg" cells (owl-eye appearance) are diagnostic for:
A) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
B) Hodgkin Lymphoma
C) Multiple Myeloma
D) Leukemia
Answer: B
Rationale: These large, binucleated cells are the pathognomonic marker for Hodgkin’s
[16].
17. "Multiple Myeloma" is a malignancy of which cell type?
A) T-cells
B) Neutrophils
C) Plasma Cells
