Urinary Leakage (UL) -correct answersThe involuntary loss of urine.
Urinary Incon nence (UI) -correct answersThe inability to control urina on.
Fecal Incon nence (FI) -correct answersThe involuntary loss of bowel control.
Diet Recommenda ons for UI -correct answersAvoid caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, spicy
foods, acidic fruits, and ar ficial sweeteners; encourage high-fiber foods, water, and scheduled
voiding.
Overac ve Bladder (Urge UI) Medica ons -correct answersAn cholinergics like oxybutynin and
tolterodine block bladder muscle contrac ons; beta-3 agonists like mirabegron relax the
detrusor muscle.
Side Effects of An cholinergics -correct answersDry mouth, cons pa on, confusion in elderly
pa ents.
Stress Urinary Incon nence (SUI) Causes -correct answersWeak pelvic floor or urethral
sphincter.
Triggers for SUI -correct answersSneezing, laughing, coughing, li ing.
,First-line Treatment for SUI -correct answersPelvic floor muscle training (Kegels).
Second-line Treatments for SUI -correct answersPessary, urethral inserts, medica ons like
duloxe ne.
Surgical Treatment for SUI -correct answersMid-urethral sling (most common), colposuspension.
Bladder Augmenta on Purpose -correct answersTreat intractable urge UI or neurogenic bladder.
Bladder Augmenta on Procedure -correct answersAugment bladder with an intes nal segment.
Outcomes of Bladder Augmenta on -correct answersIncreases bladder capacity and decreases
pressure.
Risks of Bladder Augmenta on -correct answersMucus produc on, UTIs, metabolic
disturbances, need for intermi ent catheteriza on.
FI Assessment History -correct answersIncludes stool consistency/frequency, sensa on of
urgency, diet, obstetric/neurological history.
Physical Exam for FI -correct answersIncludes perianal inspec on and digital rectal exam.
Tools for FI Assessment -correct answersFI Severity Index (FISI) and Wexner score.
Basic UL/UI Tests -correct answersBladder diary, urinalysis, post-void residual via bladder scan or
catheter.
, Advanced UL/UI Tests -correct answersUrodynamic tes ng, cystoscopy, pad test, ultrasound.
Types of Bladder Cancer -correct answersTransi onal cell carcinoma (most common), squamous
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (rare).
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer -correct answersSmoking, occupa onal exposure, chronic UTIs
or catheteriza on, schistosomiasis.
Signs of Bladder Cancer -correct answersPainless hematuria and irrita ve voiding symptoms.
Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer -correct answersCystoscopy with biopsy (gold standard), urine
cytology, CT urogram.
Treatment for Bladder Cancer -correct answersTURBT, intravesical therapy (e.g., BCG),
cystectomy, systemic chemotherapy.
Stress Urinary Incon nence (SUI) -correct answersThe involuntary loss of urine that occurs
when the intravesical pressure is greater than the maximum urethral pressure.
Urinary Incon nence (UI) -correct answersAffects approximately 13 million Americans and is
more common in women than men, with a prevalence range of 10 to 38% among women.
Hypermobility of bladder neck and urethra -correct answersOccurs when bladder neck and the
urethra move down and bulge (herniate) through weakened structures in the pelvis.
Intrinsic sphincter deficiency -correct answersOccurs when sphincter muscles are weakened or
damaged.
Urinary Incon nence (UI) -correct answersThe inability to control urina on.
Fecal Incon nence (FI) -correct answersThe involuntary loss of bowel control.
Diet Recommenda ons for UI -correct answersAvoid caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, spicy
foods, acidic fruits, and ar ficial sweeteners; encourage high-fiber foods, water, and scheduled
voiding.
Overac ve Bladder (Urge UI) Medica ons -correct answersAn cholinergics like oxybutynin and
tolterodine block bladder muscle contrac ons; beta-3 agonists like mirabegron relax the
detrusor muscle.
Side Effects of An cholinergics -correct answersDry mouth, cons pa on, confusion in elderly
pa ents.
Stress Urinary Incon nence (SUI) Causes -correct answersWeak pelvic floor or urethral
sphincter.
Triggers for SUI -correct answersSneezing, laughing, coughing, li ing.
,First-line Treatment for SUI -correct answersPelvic floor muscle training (Kegels).
Second-line Treatments for SUI -correct answersPessary, urethral inserts, medica ons like
duloxe ne.
Surgical Treatment for SUI -correct answersMid-urethral sling (most common), colposuspension.
Bladder Augmenta on Purpose -correct answersTreat intractable urge UI or neurogenic bladder.
Bladder Augmenta on Procedure -correct answersAugment bladder with an intes nal segment.
Outcomes of Bladder Augmenta on -correct answersIncreases bladder capacity and decreases
pressure.
Risks of Bladder Augmenta on -correct answersMucus produc on, UTIs, metabolic
disturbances, need for intermi ent catheteriza on.
FI Assessment History -correct answersIncludes stool consistency/frequency, sensa on of
urgency, diet, obstetric/neurological history.
Physical Exam for FI -correct answersIncludes perianal inspec on and digital rectal exam.
Tools for FI Assessment -correct answersFI Severity Index (FISI) and Wexner score.
Basic UL/UI Tests -correct answersBladder diary, urinalysis, post-void residual via bladder scan or
catheter.
, Advanced UL/UI Tests -correct answersUrodynamic tes ng, cystoscopy, pad test, ultrasound.
Types of Bladder Cancer -correct answersTransi onal cell carcinoma (most common), squamous
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (rare).
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer -correct answersSmoking, occupa onal exposure, chronic UTIs
or catheteriza on, schistosomiasis.
Signs of Bladder Cancer -correct answersPainless hematuria and irrita ve voiding symptoms.
Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer -correct answersCystoscopy with biopsy (gold standard), urine
cytology, CT urogram.
Treatment for Bladder Cancer -correct answersTURBT, intravesical therapy (e.g., BCG),
cystectomy, systemic chemotherapy.
Stress Urinary Incon nence (SUI) -correct answersThe involuntary loss of urine that occurs
when the intravesical pressure is greater than the maximum urethral pressure.
Urinary Incon nence (UI) -correct answersAffects approximately 13 million Americans and is
more common in women than men, with a prevalence range of 10 to 38% among women.
Hypermobility of bladder neck and urethra -correct answersOccurs when bladder neck and the
urethra move down and bulge (herniate) through weakened structures in the pelvis.
Intrinsic sphincter deficiency -correct answersOccurs when sphincter muscles are weakened or
damaged.
