Comprehensive High-Yield Nursing Review of
Pulmonary Disorders and Infectious Respiratory
Diseases: Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-
TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
(XDR-TB) Pathophysiology, Drug Mechanisms,
Adverse Effects, Patient Teaching, Second-Line
Therapies, Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations,
Diagnostic Approaches Including Sputum Culture
and Chest X-Ray, Drug Interactions and
Considerations for HIV Co-Infection, Pneumonia
Risk Assessment and Symptomatology, Pulmonary
Hypertension Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and
Therapeutic Interventions Including Vasodilators,
Diuretics, Prostacyclin, and Advanced Surgical
Options, as Well as Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Etiology, Virchow’s Triad, Risk Factors, Symptoms,
and Nursing Management Strategies for Optimal
Patient Outcomes Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest
Updated 2026
MDR-TB is resistant to what drug therapy?
isoniazid and rifampin
XDR-TB is resistant to:
isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolone and at least one injectable second line anti-TB drug
Rifampin (broad spectrum)Adverse Effects
1. Hepatotoxic/ hepatitis
2. Discoloration of bodily fluids (orange)
3. GI Disturbances
, Isoniazid (Bactericidal): Adverse Effects
1. Peripheral neuropathy
2. Anemia
3. Hepaotoxicity
4. Optic neuritis
Pyrazinamide (Bactericidal) Adverse Effects
1. Hepatotoxicity
2. HyperUricemia
3. Non-gouty parathralgias
4. GI disturbances
5. Photosensitivity
Ethambutol: Uses
1. Used when resistance to isoniazid + rifampin
2. First treatment for second round TB pts.
3. Always used as part of a multi drug regimen
TB risk factors
1. previous exposure
2. immunosuppressed
3. malnourished
4. living in over crowded conditions
5. immigrant
6. elderly
TB clinical manifestations
1. low grade fever
2. chronic cough into purulent sputum
3. night sweats
4. fatigue/malaise
5. weight loss
6. apical crackles
7. bronchial breath sounds over consolidation
Definitive diagnosis for TB is done via:
Pulmonary Disorders and Infectious Respiratory
Diseases: Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-
TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
(XDR-TB) Pathophysiology, Drug Mechanisms,
Adverse Effects, Patient Teaching, Second-Line
Therapies, Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations,
Diagnostic Approaches Including Sputum Culture
and Chest X-Ray, Drug Interactions and
Considerations for HIV Co-Infection, Pneumonia
Risk Assessment and Symptomatology, Pulmonary
Hypertension Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and
Therapeutic Interventions Including Vasodilators,
Diuretics, Prostacyclin, and Advanced Surgical
Options, as Well as Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Etiology, Virchow’s Triad, Risk Factors, Symptoms,
and Nursing Management Strategies for Optimal
Patient Outcomes Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest
Updated 2026
MDR-TB is resistant to what drug therapy?
isoniazid and rifampin
XDR-TB is resistant to:
isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolone and at least one injectable second line anti-TB drug
Rifampin (broad spectrum)Adverse Effects
1. Hepatotoxic/ hepatitis
2. Discoloration of bodily fluids (orange)
3. GI Disturbances
, Isoniazid (Bactericidal): Adverse Effects
1. Peripheral neuropathy
2. Anemia
3. Hepaotoxicity
4. Optic neuritis
Pyrazinamide (Bactericidal) Adverse Effects
1. Hepatotoxicity
2. HyperUricemia
3. Non-gouty parathralgias
4. GI disturbances
5. Photosensitivity
Ethambutol: Uses
1. Used when resistance to isoniazid + rifampin
2. First treatment for second round TB pts.
3. Always used as part of a multi drug regimen
TB risk factors
1. previous exposure
2. immunosuppressed
3. malnourished
4. living in over crowded conditions
5. immigrant
6. elderly
TB clinical manifestations
1. low grade fever
2. chronic cough into purulent sputum
3. night sweats
4. fatigue/malaise
5. weight loss
6. apical crackles
7. bronchial breath sounds over consolidation
Definitive diagnosis for TB is done via:
