2026 BIOD 101 Module 2 Final Exam – 2026 | Portage Learning | Complete
Verified Q&As + Review Guide
1. Which of the following is a primary tenet of the Unified Cell Theory?
A. All cells contain a nucleus.
B. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
C. Cells can spontaneously generate from non-living matter.
D. All cells have a cell wall.
Rationale: The Cell Theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells
arise from existing cells.
2. Which structure is found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rationale: Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis in all life forms. Prokaryotes
lack membrane-bound organelles.
3. The "Smooth" Endoplasmic Reticulum is primarily responsible for the
synthesis of:
A. Proteins
B. Lipids
C. DNA
D. ATP
Rationale: The Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification.
4. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials?
A. Peroxisome
B. Lysosome
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi Apparatus
Rationale: Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell, utilizing enzymes to
hydrolyze macromolecules.
5. The "Fluid Mosaic Model" describes the structure of the:
A. Cell Wall
B. Plasma Membrane
C. Nuclear Envelope
,D. Cytoskeleton
Rationale: The Plasma Membrane is a mosaic of components (phospholipids,
cholesterol, proteins) that move fluidly.
6. Which organelle is the site of the majority of ATP production?
A. Chloroplast
B. Nucleolus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome
Rationale: Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses where cellular respiration
converts glucose into ATP.
7. In plant cells, which structure provides structural support and prevents
bursting?
A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cell Wall
C. Central Vacuole
D. Cytoplasm
Rationale: The rigid Cell Wall (made of cellulose) provides protection and structural
support.
8. Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for chromosome
movement?
A. Microfilaments
B. Microtubules
C. Intermediate Filaments
D. Collagen
Rationale: Microtubules form the spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart during
division.
9. The primary function of the Golgi Apparatus is to:
A. Replicate DNA
B. Modify, sort, and package proteins/lipids
C. Store water and nutrients
D. Synthesize RNA
Rationale: The Golgi acts as the "post office," shipping products to their final
destinations.
10. Which of the following is only found in plant cells?
A. Mitochondria
B. Chloroplasts
, C. Ribosomes
D. Plasma Membrane
Rationale: Chloroplasts are specialized organelles for photosynthesis, found only in
plants/algae.
11. The core of the plasma membrane is "hydrophobic," meaning it:
A. Attracts water
B. Repels water
C. Is made of sugar
D. Is highly acidic
Rationale: The Fatty acid tails of phospholipids face inward, creating a water-repelling
barrier.
12. Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A. Nucleolus
B. Rough ER
C. Cytoplasm
D. Golgi
Rationale: The Nucleolus is a condensed region inside the nucleus specifically for
ribosome production.
13. A cell placed in a "Hypertonic" solution will:
A. Swell and burst
B. Shrink (crenate)
C. Stay the same size
D. Divide rapidly
Rationale: Water leaves the cell to balance higher solute concentration outside,
causing the cell to shrink.
14. Active transport requires which of the following to move substances?
A. ATP (Energy)
B. Sunlight
C. Only water
D. No energy
Rationale: Active transport uses cellular energy (ATP) to pump molecules against a
concentration gradient.
15. Which organelle is physically continuous with the nuclear envelope?
A. Golgi
B. Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Mitochondria
Verified Q&As + Review Guide
1. Which of the following is a primary tenet of the Unified Cell Theory?
A. All cells contain a nucleus.
B. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
C. Cells can spontaneously generate from non-living matter.
D. All cells have a cell wall.
Rationale: The Cell Theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells
arise from existing cells.
2. Which structure is found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rationale: Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis in all life forms. Prokaryotes
lack membrane-bound organelles.
3. The "Smooth" Endoplasmic Reticulum is primarily responsible for the
synthesis of:
A. Proteins
B. Lipids
C. DNA
D. ATP
Rationale: The Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification.
4. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials?
A. Peroxisome
B. Lysosome
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi Apparatus
Rationale: Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell, utilizing enzymes to
hydrolyze macromolecules.
5. The "Fluid Mosaic Model" describes the structure of the:
A. Cell Wall
B. Plasma Membrane
C. Nuclear Envelope
,D. Cytoskeleton
Rationale: The Plasma Membrane is a mosaic of components (phospholipids,
cholesterol, proteins) that move fluidly.
6. Which organelle is the site of the majority of ATP production?
A. Chloroplast
B. Nucleolus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome
Rationale: Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses where cellular respiration
converts glucose into ATP.
7. In plant cells, which structure provides structural support and prevents
bursting?
A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cell Wall
C. Central Vacuole
D. Cytoplasm
Rationale: The rigid Cell Wall (made of cellulose) provides protection and structural
support.
8. Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for chromosome
movement?
A. Microfilaments
B. Microtubules
C. Intermediate Filaments
D. Collagen
Rationale: Microtubules form the spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart during
division.
9. The primary function of the Golgi Apparatus is to:
A. Replicate DNA
B. Modify, sort, and package proteins/lipids
C. Store water and nutrients
D. Synthesize RNA
Rationale: The Golgi acts as the "post office," shipping products to their final
destinations.
10. Which of the following is only found in plant cells?
A. Mitochondria
B. Chloroplasts
, C. Ribosomes
D. Plasma Membrane
Rationale: Chloroplasts are specialized organelles for photosynthesis, found only in
plants/algae.
11. The core of the plasma membrane is "hydrophobic," meaning it:
A. Attracts water
B. Repels water
C. Is made of sugar
D. Is highly acidic
Rationale: The Fatty acid tails of phospholipids face inward, creating a water-repelling
barrier.
12. Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A. Nucleolus
B. Rough ER
C. Cytoplasm
D. Golgi
Rationale: The Nucleolus is a condensed region inside the nucleus specifically for
ribosome production.
13. A cell placed in a "Hypertonic" solution will:
A. Swell and burst
B. Shrink (crenate)
C. Stay the same size
D. Divide rapidly
Rationale: Water leaves the cell to balance higher solute concentration outside,
causing the cell to shrink.
14. Active transport requires which of the following to move substances?
A. ATP (Energy)
B. Sunlight
C. Only water
D. No energy
Rationale: Active transport uses cellular energy (ATP) to pump molecules against a
concentration gradient.
15. Which organelle is physically continuous with the nuclear envelope?
A. Golgi
B. Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Mitochondria
