SELECTED ISSUES: SEXUAL OFFENDING,
PROSTITUTION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
INHOUDSOPGAVE
I. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5
1. Aim & phenomena selected .......................................................................................................... 5
2. Perspectives & dimensions .......................................................................................................... 5
3. expectations (competences) ........................................................................................................ 6
4. teaching methods ........................................................................................................................ 7
5. evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 7
II. Trafficking in human beings (sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking) ..................... 9
1. Legal approaches ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. readings .................................................................................................................................... 10
3. Gender-neutral criminal law approach ........................................................................................ 13
4. Current mainstream criminal law definition ................................................................................. 14
4.1. 1st element: movement ....................................................................................................... 14
4.2. 2nd (core!) element: means ................................................................................................. 15
4.3. 3rd element: envisaged exploitation ..................................................................................... 15
5. ‘Knowing use’ of services offered by THB victims ......................................................................... 16
6. Liability legal persons ................................................................................................................. 19
7. International cooperation in criminal matters .............................................................................. 19
8. Trafficking vs smuggling .............................................................................................................. 21
9. THB & migration policy ............................................................................................................... 22
10. Smuggling, carrier liability, false documents .............................................................................. 24
11. Labour and social security law perspective................................................................................ 25
12. Intra-migration | free movement, including for work.................................................................... 26
13. Intra-migration | posting of workers ........................................................................................... 27
14. Trafficking in human beings | Policies ........................................................................................ 28
, 15. Phenomenon & dynamics | readings & discussion ..................................................................... 30
III. Prostitution & sex work .......................................................................................................... 33
1. Legal instruments/ UN ........................................................................................................... 33
1.1. 1933 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age ...... 34
1.2. 1950 UN Trafficking Convention (1) .................................................................................. 34
1.3. 1950 UN Trafficking Convention (2) .................................................................................. 34
2. Jurisprudence & policy instruments ........................................................................................ 35
2.1. CoE ................................................................................................................................ 35
2.2. EU .................................................................................................................................. 36
3. Different frames ..................................................................................................................... 37
3.1. Victim frame ................................................................................................................... 37
3.2. Anti-social order frame.................................................................................................... 38
3.3. Agency Frame ................................................................................................................. 38
4. Domestic/ municipal approaches/ models.............................................................................. 39
5. Prevention THB & Nuisance in prostitution sector .................................................................... 39
6. (Self) regulation bona fide prostitution market ......................................................................... 40
7. ISO 69 ................................................................................................................................... 41
8. Legalization or self-regulation via quality standards ................................................................. 41
9. Phenomena & redings ............................................................................................................ 42
IV. Child sexual abuse & abuse of power or authority ................................................................... 43
1. General legal framework – CoE & EU ....................................................................................... 43
2. Criminal law approach child sexual abuse .............................................................................. 44
2.1. Age of sexual consent .......................................................................................................... 44
2.2. Child Sexual Abuse .............................................................................................................. 46
2.3. Extra territorial jurisdiction ................................................................................................... 48
2.4. Statutes of limitation – extension .......................................................................................... 49
2.5. Non prior conviction ............................................................................................................. 50
3. Intrafamilial sexual abuse – Denial .......................................................................................... 53
4. Extrafamilial sexual abuse .......................................................................................................... 54
V. Chil sexual exploitation, CSAM & grooming ............................................................................. 56
1. General legal framework ........................................................................................................ 57
2
, 2. Sexual exploitation of children ................................................................................................ 58
2.1. Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 58
2.2. Child sex tourism ................................................................................................................. 59
3. Child sexual abuse material (CSAM) ....................................................................................... 61
3.1. Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 62
3.2. Role of interpol & europol ..................................................................................................... 64
3.3. Notice and take-down procedures ........................................................................................ 65
3.4. Private detection and reporting | voluntary & mandatory ........................................................ 67
4. Grooming .............................................................................................................................. 69
4.1. Defintions ....................................................................................................................... 69
4.2. (Internet) behavior .......................................................................................................... 70
VI. rape, sexual assault & sexual harassment .............................................................................. 72
1. European Sourcebook definitions (rape & sexual assault) ........................................................ 73
1.1. Rape .............................................................................................................................. 73
1.2. Sexual assault ................................................................................................................ 74
2. Legal definitions/requirements ............................................................................................... 75
2.1. CoE ..................................................................................................................................... 75
2.2. EU ....................................................................................................................................... 77
1. Rape myths & reporting | validity beyond rape .......................................................................... 80
2. Consent ................................................................................................................................ 81
3. Sexual harassment, including among adolescents .................................................................. 83
4. Virtual rape: rape or sexual harrassment? ............................................................................... 83
VII. Pornography, exhibitionism & voyeurism ............................................................................... 85
1. Pornography .......................................................................................................................... 86
1.1. Liberalism & pornography................................................................................................ 86
1.2. Role of pornography & sexual scripts ............................................................................... 88
1.3. Gender (in)equality ......................................................................................................... 89
2. Young people and sexualized media | sexting .......................................................................... 90
3. Exhibitionism ......................................................................................................................... 91
4. Voyeurism ............................................................................................................................. 92
4.1. Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 92
4.2. Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 93
3
, 5. Revenge porn......................................................................................................................... 93
5.1. Definitions & consequences (damage) ............................................................................. 94
5.2. Criminalization/ Remedies .............................................................................................. 94
VIII. Bestiality, anmimal porn, BDSM & necrophilia ...................................................................... 96
1. bestiality & animal porn .......................................................................................................... 96
2. BDSM & SM ........................................................................................................................... 97
3. necrophilia ............................................................................................................................ 98
IX. AI & Robots ..........................................................................................................................100
Sampe exam questions .............................................................................................................102
4
,I. INTRODUCTION
1. AIM & PHENOMENA SELECTED
aim
to gain a proper, nuanced and multi-perspective understanding of the causes,
mechanisms, dynamics and complexity of a cluster of specific (crime) phenomena, i.e.
sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking, as well as of their interrelations and
of societal and (criminal) policy reactions thereto
issues (phenomena) selected | modules
• trafficking in human beings
o legal approaches and policies | phenomenon and dynamics
• prostitution & sex work
o legal approaches and policies | phenomenon and dynamics
• child sexual abuse & abuse of power or authority
• sexual exploitation of children, CSAM & grooming
• rape, sexual assault & sexual harassment
• bestiality & animal porn, BDSM & necrophilia
• pornography, exhibitionism voyeurism
• AI & (sex)robots
In this class we must try to put our values, ideas, ideology aside. For example: what if images are
not involving real children but simply 3D-animaed children. Can we prohibit that with criminal
law? Is it as relevant as portrets of real children? We see a division, a difference. The legislators
at EU level do not make any distinction!! Morally it is different: in one case we protect children, in
the other case we are protecting violations of children, mentally.
The US Supreme Court said that that the punishment virtual child pornography is against the
freedom of opinion.
We will discuss these kinds of questions. Not to try to find out the truth, not to decide whether
the US or the EU is right, but in order to be able to make an opinion. We will look at these kinds of
matters with an open view.
Before coming to criminal law, we must have good reasons. It is often the last resort.
2. PERSPECTIVES & DIMENSIONS
• legal dimension
o domestic, European, international and comparative criminal,
administrative/immigration, social and extraterritorial jurisdiction law
§ ex. the rights of sex workers involves social law
• prevention strategies and societal and (criminal) policy reactions
5
, • phenomenological and epidemiological data
• victim perspective
• offender perspective
• children’s rights perspective (it is legally different: deserves more protection)
• moral dimension: sexuality morality and attitudes
• economic dimension: demand and supply (elasticity) in the sexual services market, …
• corporate dimension: corporate and chain responsibility, sectoral self-regulation
• gender and gay dimensions
• migration perspective: international and EU third country national migration, free
movement EU
• European and international policy level and actor perspective
o EU (Council, EC, EP, Europol, etc.), Council of Europe, OSCE, ILO, UN
• multi-actor perspective
o police, labour and social inspection services, prosecution services, immigration
services, border guards, tax administrations, city administrations,
neighbourhoods, NGOs, health and welfare sector, ISPs
3. EXPECTATIONS (COMPETENCES)
• understand/unveil the interaction between legal/regulatory frameworks and evaluative,
normative and attitudinal frameworks/discourses regarding sexuality, sexual behavior
and exploitation
• independently consult, analyse and critically/scientifically assess sources, literature
and research data
o on Ufora there are a lot of readings available. We have to read the literature in
black letters. Not really study , but really good read. There are 3-5 readings per
topic. The other literature is available and can be used for the paper.
• apply knowledge of the European and international institutional and policy development
context of criminology and criminal justice when addressing sexual offending,
prostitution and human trafficking and reactions thereto
• address sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking multi-dimensionally, multi-
disciplinary, through multiple (theoretical) frames and from a multi-actor perspective
• apply in-depth knowledge of the phenomena concerned (and reactions thereto) in
scientific research
• understand and analyse current debates and issues regarding sexual offending,
prostitution and human trafficking crime (and reactions thereto)
• critically approach sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking (and reactions
thereto) through research and the application of theory
• articulate a scientifically-reasoned opinion about sexual offending, prostitution and
human trafficking (and reactions thereto) that pays due attention to ethical, cultural and
legal issues
• think independently and critically about societal and (criminal) policy reactions to the
phenomena of sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking
• write a clear report on the results of (own) scientific research and/or personal views
6
, • respect cultural differences, pluralism, gender and ethical standards
4. TEACHING METHODS
integration seminar
• building on and aiming at integrating knowledge that was acquired during a range of
courses
• (limited) introduction to the topic and literature
• enabling for/focused on group discussion
guided self-study
• course materials organized per module
• mandatory readings [ahead of live sessions] | courtesy: version for print
• optional readings as a courtesy (inspiration for papers, discretionary knowledge
consolidation, broadening & deepening)
self-reliant study activities
• research: individual or group (4 students max) paper
o see reader for sources
• critical paper, 3000 words/person, excluding ToC, footnotes, bibliography/reference list
and a mandatory annex in which students make transparent if and how they have made
use of GenAI in an acceptable and reasoned fashion
5. EVALUATION
end-of-term assessment (60%)
• this year: written exam with short-answer questions and open questions, balancing legal
and non-legal questions
• open questions envisage testing students’ understanding and analytical and
interpretational skills regarding the causes, mechanisms, dynamics, complexity and
interrelations of the phenomena concerned and regarding societal and (criminal) policy
reactions thereto
7
, • see sample questions
(the professor is a liberal feminist. You don’t have to follow that opinion but is you follow
another view, you must give valuable arguments)
• legal instruments for use during exam: bespoke reader
o bring the legal texts referred in the class (the bundel ‘legal texts’ can be brought
to the exam. It is the only thing you can bring to the exam)
• non-annotated bilingual translation dictionary allowed
Continuous assessment (40%)
• research paper (supra) | separate information session
Participation in both non-periodic and periodic evaluation is mandatory
• otherwise, students will be declared “failed”: if the final score is ten or more (out of
twenty), it will be reduced to the highest non-pass grade (7/20)
8
PROSTITUTION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
INHOUDSOPGAVE
I. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5
1. Aim & phenomena selected .......................................................................................................... 5
2. Perspectives & dimensions .......................................................................................................... 5
3. expectations (competences) ........................................................................................................ 6
4. teaching methods ........................................................................................................................ 7
5. evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 7
II. Trafficking in human beings (sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking) ..................... 9
1. Legal approaches ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. readings .................................................................................................................................... 10
3. Gender-neutral criminal law approach ........................................................................................ 13
4. Current mainstream criminal law definition ................................................................................. 14
4.1. 1st element: movement ....................................................................................................... 14
4.2. 2nd (core!) element: means ................................................................................................. 15
4.3. 3rd element: envisaged exploitation ..................................................................................... 15
5. ‘Knowing use’ of services offered by THB victims ......................................................................... 16
6. Liability legal persons ................................................................................................................. 19
7. International cooperation in criminal matters .............................................................................. 19
8. Trafficking vs smuggling .............................................................................................................. 21
9. THB & migration policy ............................................................................................................... 22
10. Smuggling, carrier liability, false documents .............................................................................. 24
11. Labour and social security law perspective................................................................................ 25
12. Intra-migration | free movement, including for work.................................................................... 26
13. Intra-migration | posting of workers ........................................................................................... 27
14. Trafficking in human beings | Policies ........................................................................................ 28
, 15. Phenomenon & dynamics | readings & discussion ..................................................................... 30
III. Prostitution & sex work .......................................................................................................... 33
1. Legal instruments/ UN ........................................................................................................... 33
1.1. 1933 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age ...... 34
1.2. 1950 UN Trafficking Convention (1) .................................................................................. 34
1.3. 1950 UN Trafficking Convention (2) .................................................................................. 34
2. Jurisprudence & policy instruments ........................................................................................ 35
2.1. CoE ................................................................................................................................ 35
2.2. EU .................................................................................................................................. 36
3. Different frames ..................................................................................................................... 37
3.1. Victim frame ................................................................................................................... 37
3.2. Anti-social order frame.................................................................................................... 38
3.3. Agency Frame ................................................................................................................. 38
4. Domestic/ municipal approaches/ models.............................................................................. 39
5. Prevention THB & Nuisance in prostitution sector .................................................................... 39
6. (Self) regulation bona fide prostitution market ......................................................................... 40
7. ISO 69 ................................................................................................................................... 41
8. Legalization or self-regulation via quality standards ................................................................. 41
9. Phenomena & redings ............................................................................................................ 42
IV. Child sexual abuse & abuse of power or authority ................................................................... 43
1. General legal framework – CoE & EU ....................................................................................... 43
2. Criminal law approach child sexual abuse .............................................................................. 44
2.1. Age of sexual consent .......................................................................................................... 44
2.2. Child Sexual Abuse .............................................................................................................. 46
2.3. Extra territorial jurisdiction ................................................................................................... 48
2.4. Statutes of limitation – extension .......................................................................................... 49
2.5. Non prior conviction ............................................................................................................. 50
3. Intrafamilial sexual abuse – Denial .......................................................................................... 53
4. Extrafamilial sexual abuse .......................................................................................................... 54
V. Chil sexual exploitation, CSAM & grooming ............................................................................. 56
1. General legal framework ........................................................................................................ 57
2
, 2. Sexual exploitation of children ................................................................................................ 58
2.1. Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 58
2.2. Child sex tourism ................................................................................................................. 59
3. Child sexual abuse material (CSAM) ....................................................................................... 61
3.1. Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 62
3.2. Role of interpol & europol ..................................................................................................... 64
3.3. Notice and take-down procedures ........................................................................................ 65
3.4. Private detection and reporting | voluntary & mandatory ........................................................ 67
4. Grooming .............................................................................................................................. 69
4.1. Defintions ....................................................................................................................... 69
4.2. (Internet) behavior .......................................................................................................... 70
VI. rape, sexual assault & sexual harassment .............................................................................. 72
1. European Sourcebook definitions (rape & sexual assault) ........................................................ 73
1.1. Rape .............................................................................................................................. 73
1.2. Sexual assault ................................................................................................................ 74
2. Legal definitions/requirements ............................................................................................... 75
2.1. CoE ..................................................................................................................................... 75
2.2. EU ....................................................................................................................................... 77
1. Rape myths & reporting | validity beyond rape .......................................................................... 80
2. Consent ................................................................................................................................ 81
3. Sexual harassment, including among adolescents .................................................................. 83
4. Virtual rape: rape or sexual harrassment? ............................................................................... 83
VII. Pornography, exhibitionism & voyeurism ............................................................................... 85
1. Pornography .......................................................................................................................... 86
1.1. Liberalism & pornography................................................................................................ 86
1.2. Role of pornography & sexual scripts ............................................................................... 88
1.3. Gender (in)equality ......................................................................................................... 89
2. Young people and sexualized media | sexting .......................................................................... 90
3. Exhibitionism ......................................................................................................................... 91
4. Voyeurism ............................................................................................................................. 92
4.1. Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 92
4.2. Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 93
3
, 5. Revenge porn......................................................................................................................... 93
5.1. Definitions & consequences (damage) ............................................................................. 94
5.2. Criminalization/ Remedies .............................................................................................. 94
VIII. Bestiality, anmimal porn, BDSM & necrophilia ...................................................................... 96
1. bestiality & animal porn .......................................................................................................... 96
2. BDSM & SM ........................................................................................................................... 97
3. necrophilia ............................................................................................................................ 98
IX. AI & Robots ..........................................................................................................................100
Sampe exam questions .............................................................................................................102
4
,I. INTRODUCTION
1. AIM & PHENOMENA SELECTED
aim
to gain a proper, nuanced and multi-perspective understanding of the causes,
mechanisms, dynamics and complexity of a cluster of specific (crime) phenomena, i.e.
sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking, as well as of their interrelations and
of societal and (criminal) policy reactions thereto
issues (phenomena) selected | modules
• trafficking in human beings
o legal approaches and policies | phenomenon and dynamics
• prostitution & sex work
o legal approaches and policies | phenomenon and dynamics
• child sexual abuse & abuse of power or authority
• sexual exploitation of children, CSAM & grooming
• rape, sexual assault & sexual harassment
• bestiality & animal porn, BDSM & necrophilia
• pornography, exhibitionism voyeurism
• AI & (sex)robots
In this class we must try to put our values, ideas, ideology aside. For example: what if images are
not involving real children but simply 3D-animaed children. Can we prohibit that with criminal
law? Is it as relevant as portrets of real children? We see a division, a difference. The legislators
at EU level do not make any distinction!! Morally it is different: in one case we protect children, in
the other case we are protecting violations of children, mentally.
The US Supreme Court said that that the punishment virtual child pornography is against the
freedom of opinion.
We will discuss these kinds of questions. Not to try to find out the truth, not to decide whether
the US or the EU is right, but in order to be able to make an opinion. We will look at these kinds of
matters with an open view.
Before coming to criminal law, we must have good reasons. It is often the last resort.
2. PERSPECTIVES & DIMENSIONS
• legal dimension
o domestic, European, international and comparative criminal,
administrative/immigration, social and extraterritorial jurisdiction law
§ ex. the rights of sex workers involves social law
• prevention strategies and societal and (criminal) policy reactions
5
, • phenomenological and epidemiological data
• victim perspective
• offender perspective
• children’s rights perspective (it is legally different: deserves more protection)
• moral dimension: sexuality morality and attitudes
• economic dimension: demand and supply (elasticity) in the sexual services market, …
• corporate dimension: corporate and chain responsibility, sectoral self-regulation
• gender and gay dimensions
• migration perspective: international and EU third country national migration, free
movement EU
• European and international policy level and actor perspective
o EU (Council, EC, EP, Europol, etc.), Council of Europe, OSCE, ILO, UN
• multi-actor perspective
o police, labour and social inspection services, prosecution services, immigration
services, border guards, tax administrations, city administrations,
neighbourhoods, NGOs, health and welfare sector, ISPs
3. EXPECTATIONS (COMPETENCES)
• understand/unveil the interaction between legal/regulatory frameworks and evaluative,
normative and attitudinal frameworks/discourses regarding sexuality, sexual behavior
and exploitation
• independently consult, analyse and critically/scientifically assess sources, literature
and research data
o on Ufora there are a lot of readings available. We have to read the literature in
black letters. Not really study , but really good read. There are 3-5 readings per
topic. The other literature is available and can be used for the paper.
• apply knowledge of the European and international institutional and policy development
context of criminology and criminal justice when addressing sexual offending,
prostitution and human trafficking and reactions thereto
• address sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking multi-dimensionally, multi-
disciplinary, through multiple (theoretical) frames and from a multi-actor perspective
• apply in-depth knowledge of the phenomena concerned (and reactions thereto) in
scientific research
• understand and analyse current debates and issues regarding sexual offending,
prostitution and human trafficking crime (and reactions thereto)
• critically approach sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking (and reactions
thereto) through research and the application of theory
• articulate a scientifically-reasoned opinion about sexual offending, prostitution and
human trafficking (and reactions thereto) that pays due attention to ethical, cultural and
legal issues
• think independently and critically about societal and (criminal) policy reactions to the
phenomena of sexual offending, prostitution and human trafficking
• write a clear report on the results of (own) scientific research and/or personal views
6
, • respect cultural differences, pluralism, gender and ethical standards
4. TEACHING METHODS
integration seminar
• building on and aiming at integrating knowledge that was acquired during a range of
courses
• (limited) introduction to the topic and literature
• enabling for/focused on group discussion
guided self-study
• course materials organized per module
• mandatory readings [ahead of live sessions] | courtesy: version for print
• optional readings as a courtesy (inspiration for papers, discretionary knowledge
consolidation, broadening & deepening)
self-reliant study activities
• research: individual or group (4 students max) paper
o see reader for sources
• critical paper, 3000 words/person, excluding ToC, footnotes, bibliography/reference list
and a mandatory annex in which students make transparent if and how they have made
use of GenAI in an acceptable and reasoned fashion
5. EVALUATION
end-of-term assessment (60%)
• this year: written exam with short-answer questions and open questions, balancing legal
and non-legal questions
• open questions envisage testing students’ understanding and analytical and
interpretational skills regarding the causes, mechanisms, dynamics, complexity and
interrelations of the phenomena concerned and regarding societal and (criminal) policy
reactions thereto
7
, • see sample questions
(the professor is a liberal feminist. You don’t have to follow that opinion but is you follow
another view, you must give valuable arguments)
• legal instruments for use during exam: bespoke reader
o bring the legal texts referred in the class (the bundel ‘legal texts’ can be brought
to the exam. It is the only thing you can bring to the exam)
• non-annotated bilingual translation dictionary allowed
Continuous assessment (40%)
• research paper (supra) | separate information session
Participation in both non-periodic and periodic evaluation is mandatory
• otherwise, students will be declared “failed”: if the final score is ten or more (out of
twenty), it will be reduced to the highest non-pass grade (7/20)
8
