BIO 250 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Law of Segregation Each allele will be sorted into gametes evenly (ex. XX means one cell gets X and
the other gets X)
Law of Independent Assortment Each allele will be sorted w/o influence of another trait/allele (ex. hair and eye
color traits don't influence another)
Law of Dominance One allele will always mask the presence of another allele
Gene A section of DNA that is made into a specific protein w/ a unique trait
Allele Variations of the same DNA (ex: A vs a)
Locus/Loci Location of a gene on a chromosome
Genotype The 2 letters associated on the genome for a specific trait (AA, Aa, aa).
Phenotype The outward appearance of a specific gene
Homozygous Having two identical alleles (AA or aa).
Heterozygous Possessing 2 different alleles for a specific gene (Aa)
Dominant allele Uppercase letter & trait is visible when only 1 allele is present
Recessive allele Lowercase letter & trait only visible when 2 alleles are present
What a monohybrid cross is and how to label the Parent A genetic cross between 1 specific trait: P = parents, F1 = first generation, F2 =
(P) and Filial (F) generations second....
Punnett Square A chart predicting genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring
Monohybrid cross vs Dihybrid cross Cross involving only one trait vs Cross involving two traits; use FOIL
incomplete dominance and example Blended traits produce new characteristics (ex: red + white flowers = pink)
Codominance and how it relates to ABO blood typing Both alleles are fully expressed at the same time (A & B are codom. , O is
recessive)
How does codominance relate to sickle cell ( hint Ss) A carrier has Ss genotype bc they have both sickle (ss) and normal rbc's (SS)
Pedigree symbols Circle = female; square = male; filled = affected; open = non-affected
, The labeling of individuals w/in a pedigree of each Roman; left to right
generation is by _____ numerals, and then each member
w/in the generation is numbered 1-# from ______ to _____.
Autosomal recessive trait Rare/Skip gens, have carriers, person w/ trait can be born from 2 parents w/o trait
Ex: Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, Sickle Cell
Autosomal dominant pattern All gens, affected parent=50% affected child, affected children ALWAYS come
Ex: Huntington's Disease, Achondroplasia, Polycystic from parents + for trait
Kidney Disease
covalent-polar vs non-polar Unequal sharing of electrons; creates partial charges (ex: H₂O). vs Equal sharing
of electrons, no partial (ex: CO₂)
Ionic Bonding ; A positively charged element is a Electrons are donated/accepted from charged elements ; cation, anion. (NaCl)
________ , while a negatively charged element is a
_______________.
Hydrogen bonding happens between? Partially charged atoms
Ex: DNA & Water
Chemical bonds from strongest to weakest. covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Understand organic vs inorganic meaning with carbon. Organic has carbon, can bond to 4 different elements
What does the pH scale look for? Be able to explain Measures hydrogen ion concentration ; Below 7 (<H+, coffee) vs Above 7 (< -OH,
acidic vs basic vs neutral on the scale and give examples. tums) vs 7
For carbs, a monomer is the term for 1 sugar called a MONOsaccharides, DIsaccharides, and POLYsaccharides
______ (ex: glucose). When 2 sugars are linked, they are
called polymer an example is _______ (ex: lact/sucrose). A
long chain of sugars are _______ (ex: starch, fibers,
cellulose).
Carb functions 1. Structural support 2. Short-term energy storage
______ & _____ are hydrophilic while______ is hydrophobic. Mono & Di ; Poly ; CHO
Components found in carbs are ___, __, & __
Do lipids have a true monomer? Components CHO are No ; Phospholipids and phosphate ; hydrophobic ; hydrophilic
found in ALL lipids, which lipid is the exception and what
is the additional component? Lipids are generally
___________, with _______ phosphate heads in phospholipids.
Functions of - Cell membrane structure
- Phospholipid function - Waterproofing
- Waxes (ear wax) function - Long term energy/Fats/Insulation
- Triglycerides function - Hormones (helps w/ cell signaling: melatonin)
- Steroids function
CORRECT Answers
Law of Segregation Each allele will be sorted into gametes evenly (ex. XX means one cell gets X and
the other gets X)
Law of Independent Assortment Each allele will be sorted w/o influence of another trait/allele (ex. hair and eye
color traits don't influence another)
Law of Dominance One allele will always mask the presence of another allele
Gene A section of DNA that is made into a specific protein w/ a unique trait
Allele Variations of the same DNA (ex: A vs a)
Locus/Loci Location of a gene on a chromosome
Genotype The 2 letters associated on the genome for a specific trait (AA, Aa, aa).
Phenotype The outward appearance of a specific gene
Homozygous Having two identical alleles (AA or aa).
Heterozygous Possessing 2 different alleles for a specific gene (Aa)
Dominant allele Uppercase letter & trait is visible when only 1 allele is present
Recessive allele Lowercase letter & trait only visible when 2 alleles are present
What a monohybrid cross is and how to label the Parent A genetic cross between 1 specific trait: P = parents, F1 = first generation, F2 =
(P) and Filial (F) generations second....
Punnett Square A chart predicting genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring
Monohybrid cross vs Dihybrid cross Cross involving only one trait vs Cross involving two traits; use FOIL
incomplete dominance and example Blended traits produce new characteristics (ex: red + white flowers = pink)
Codominance and how it relates to ABO blood typing Both alleles are fully expressed at the same time (A & B are codom. , O is
recessive)
How does codominance relate to sickle cell ( hint Ss) A carrier has Ss genotype bc they have both sickle (ss) and normal rbc's (SS)
Pedigree symbols Circle = female; square = male; filled = affected; open = non-affected
, The labeling of individuals w/in a pedigree of each Roman; left to right
generation is by _____ numerals, and then each member
w/in the generation is numbered 1-# from ______ to _____.
Autosomal recessive trait Rare/Skip gens, have carriers, person w/ trait can be born from 2 parents w/o trait
Ex: Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, Sickle Cell
Autosomal dominant pattern All gens, affected parent=50% affected child, affected children ALWAYS come
Ex: Huntington's Disease, Achondroplasia, Polycystic from parents + for trait
Kidney Disease
covalent-polar vs non-polar Unequal sharing of electrons; creates partial charges (ex: H₂O). vs Equal sharing
of electrons, no partial (ex: CO₂)
Ionic Bonding ; A positively charged element is a Electrons are donated/accepted from charged elements ; cation, anion. (NaCl)
________ , while a negatively charged element is a
_______________.
Hydrogen bonding happens between? Partially charged atoms
Ex: DNA & Water
Chemical bonds from strongest to weakest. covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Understand organic vs inorganic meaning with carbon. Organic has carbon, can bond to 4 different elements
What does the pH scale look for? Be able to explain Measures hydrogen ion concentration ; Below 7 (<H+, coffee) vs Above 7 (< -OH,
acidic vs basic vs neutral on the scale and give examples. tums) vs 7
For carbs, a monomer is the term for 1 sugar called a MONOsaccharides, DIsaccharides, and POLYsaccharides
______ (ex: glucose). When 2 sugars are linked, they are
called polymer an example is _______ (ex: lact/sucrose). A
long chain of sugars are _______ (ex: starch, fibers,
cellulose).
Carb functions 1. Structural support 2. Short-term energy storage
______ & _____ are hydrophilic while______ is hydrophobic. Mono & Di ; Poly ; CHO
Components found in carbs are ___, __, & __
Do lipids have a true monomer? Components CHO are No ; Phospholipids and phosphate ; hydrophobic ; hydrophilic
found in ALL lipids, which lipid is the exception and what
is the additional component? Lipids are generally
___________, with _______ phosphate heads in phospholipids.
Functions of - Cell membrane structure
- Phospholipid function - Waterproofing
- Waxes (ear wax) function - Long term energy/Fats/Insulation
- Triglycerides function - Hormones (helps w/ cell signaling: melatonin)
- Steroids function
