BIO 250 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Define fertility The average number of offspring per reproductive female
What is the relationship between life cycle complexity Organisms with a simple life cycle generally reproduce quicker
and reproductive rate?
Describe a stage of life in which an organism is sessile? The organism is attached to a surface (such as a rock)
What is a hermaphrodite? An organism with both male and female reproductive organs
What is a life history? A collection of age or stage specific traits (or demographic parameters) directly
affecting an individual's reproductive success
What is a K-species? A species which is generally large in size, has a long lifespan, and few
reproductive events
What is an r-species? A species which is generally small, with a short life, and produces many offspring
What is geometric mean relative fitness? Number of young + probability of adults surviving to reproduce next year
How do you calculate the intrinsic growth rate (r)? r = (births - deaths)/(t*Navg)
t = timespan of study
Navg = average population size over the time of the study
What is an age structure diagram? Characterizes the distribution of ages within a population
, Define birth rate Number of births per capita (person) per unit time
What is a cohort? A group of individuals in a population that were all born around the same time
Describe how someone would study a cohort using the Following a single cohort over time as they age
dynamic method
Describe how someone would study a cohort using the Studies multiple cohorts over time as they reach a single age range (e.g. studying
static method elk between 2-5 yrs of age for 15 years)
Describe the survivorship curve, what are on the x and y Shows the relationship between age (x-axis) and the number of survivors of a
axes? population (y-axis) - populations generally have Type I, Type II, or Type III
Describe Type I survivorship High survivorship at young age and low at old age
Describe Type III survivorship Low survivorship at young age, but survivors generally live for a long time
Describe Type II survivorship Linear relationship between age and number of survivors
What is the Principle of Allocation? The idea that any energy or biomass used for one function reduces the amount of
energy available for another function
What is a "disturbance" as described by Grime's species A catastrophic even that occurs rarely (volcano, hurricane)
classification triangle?
What is a "stress" as described by Grime's species Frequent variations in the environment which limit vital resource availability
classification triangle?
What is a "ruderal species" as described by Grime's A species which survives and reproduces well in high-disturbance, low-stress
species classification triangle? environments
How do Winemiller and Rose classify organisms? Based on their juvenile survivorship, fecundity, and age of maturation
Describe Grime's species classification triangle and how A triangle on which a species can be classified based on how frequently it is
to read it affected by competition, disturbance, and stress
-Read competition to the right
-Read disturbance diagonal down/left
-Read stress up/left
Describe an opportunistic species based on Winemiller's A species with early maturation and age of reproduction with small number of
and Rose's classification offspring - suited to exploit unpredictable environmental conditions
Describe an equilibrium species based on Winemiller's A species which matures at older ages, produce few offspring with high juvenile
and Rose's classification survivorship - suited to more stable conditions
Answers
Define fertility The average number of offspring per reproductive female
What is the relationship between life cycle complexity Organisms with a simple life cycle generally reproduce quicker
and reproductive rate?
Describe a stage of life in which an organism is sessile? The organism is attached to a surface (such as a rock)
What is a hermaphrodite? An organism with both male and female reproductive organs
What is a life history? A collection of age or stage specific traits (or demographic parameters) directly
affecting an individual's reproductive success
What is a K-species? A species which is generally large in size, has a long lifespan, and few
reproductive events
What is an r-species? A species which is generally small, with a short life, and produces many offspring
What is geometric mean relative fitness? Number of young + probability of adults surviving to reproduce next year
How do you calculate the intrinsic growth rate (r)? r = (births - deaths)/(t*Navg)
t = timespan of study
Navg = average population size over the time of the study
What is an age structure diagram? Characterizes the distribution of ages within a population
, Define birth rate Number of births per capita (person) per unit time
What is a cohort? A group of individuals in a population that were all born around the same time
Describe how someone would study a cohort using the Following a single cohort over time as they age
dynamic method
Describe how someone would study a cohort using the Studies multiple cohorts over time as they reach a single age range (e.g. studying
static method elk between 2-5 yrs of age for 15 years)
Describe the survivorship curve, what are on the x and y Shows the relationship between age (x-axis) and the number of survivors of a
axes? population (y-axis) - populations generally have Type I, Type II, or Type III
Describe Type I survivorship High survivorship at young age and low at old age
Describe Type III survivorship Low survivorship at young age, but survivors generally live for a long time
Describe Type II survivorship Linear relationship between age and number of survivors
What is the Principle of Allocation? The idea that any energy or biomass used for one function reduces the amount of
energy available for another function
What is a "disturbance" as described by Grime's species A catastrophic even that occurs rarely (volcano, hurricane)
classification triangle?
What is a "stress" as described by Grime's species Frequent variations in the environment which limit vital resource availability
classification triangle?
What is a "ruderal species" as described by Grime's A species which survives and reproduces well in high-disturbance, low-stress
species classification triangle? environments
How do Winemiller and Rose classify organisms? Based on their juvenile survivorship, fecundity, and age of maturation
Describe Grime's species classification triangle and how A triangle on which a species can be classified based on how frequently it is
to read it affected by competition, disturbance, and stress
-Read competition to the right
-Read disturbance diagonal down/left
-Read stress up/left
Describe an opportunistic species based on Winemiller's A species with early maturation and age of reproduction with small number of
and Rose's classification offspring - suited to exploit unpredictable environmental conditions
Describe an equilibrium species based on Winemiller's A species which matures at older ages, produce few offspring with high juvenile
and Rose's classification survivorship - suited to more stable conditions
