BIOL 226: Exam 1 Review UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
General senses interact with the CNS; senses that are more broad and have receptors all over the
body/everywhere (taste, smell, touch, pain)
Special senses interact with the CNS; more specific senses; organs are dedicated to specific
sense (example: nose for smell, and ears for hearing and balance)
what are the types of general senses extroception, introception, and proprioception
Extroception located on the external surface of the body (touch, temperature, pressure, etc.)
interoception sensations on the inside of the body; internal organs expands or contracts
(monitors pH of H+ ions)
proprioception feedback from tendons, joints, muscles: primarily motor cranial nerves do this; for
muscles and joints that are not consciously aware of
five types of sensory receptors chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors chemicals (smell=airborne chemical) (taste or O2 levels); respond to chemical
stimuli, such as taste, smell, blood oxygen levels or pH, triggering impulses when
chemicals bind, can be involved in general or special senses
nociceptors (sensory receptor) pain receptors triggered by temperature or a wide variety of things (stretch,
pressure, chemical, etc.); detect potentially damaging stimuli (extreme heat,
pressure, chemicals) and signal pain, often activated by stimuli that would excite
other receptors but at higher intensities; the only receptor that is unable to adapt
thermoreceptors respond to temperature (hot or cold) by opening specific ion channels in
response to thermal changes, initiating signals; in general senses
mechanoreceptors respond to physical change of mechanical forces like touch, pressure, vibration,
displacement, stretch, and tension in muscles/tendons, leading to nerve impulses
when physically distorted
photoreceptors respond to light; found in the eyes (retina), they detect light (photons) and
convert it into electrical signals for vision; found in specialized senses
sensory impulses must reach threshold to send impulses which determines the intensity by how fast
impulses are sent (less frequent= perceived as less; sound= quiet)
, sensation vague idea/global feeling (a pleasant smell, a sweet taste); the initial physical
process where sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) detect stimuli (light, sound
waves, pressure) and convert them into neural signals
perception exactly what it is (the smell of an apple, the taste of an apple); the active
psychological process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting those neural
signals to form a meaningful representation of the world, influenced by
experience and expectations
projection where the sensory impulse is located/originated
sensory adaptation respond to the environment accordingly, reduce impulse frequency= perception
is less; a process where sensory receptors decrease their response to a
continuous stimulus, preventing sensory overload and freeing up resources to
focus on novel, important changes in the environment. Sensory receptor cells
become less responsive because the constant impulse causes neurons to stop
reaching threshold as often, so the number of impulses going to the brain
decreases. The presynaptic neuron could also be releasing less neurotransmitters
because of the constant stimulation
central sensory adaptation found in the brain and spinal cord; the brain's processing pathways decrease their
response, leading to a loss of conscious awareness; happens at the receptor
peripheral sensory adaptation found everywhere in the body besides the brain and spinal cord; receptors
reduce their firing rate during adaptation, lessening the signal sent to brain;
happens at the synapse; natural analgesic (drug to relieve pain)
free nerve endings located in the epidermis; involved with itching; bare nerve endings; extends into
the epidermis and penetrates the dermal papillae; primarily detect pain,
temperature, and crude touch/pressure, though less specialized for fine touch
than others; winds its way through cells (the desmosomes that hold them
together)
tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle touch receptor, found in fine touch/feeling; located below epidermis, in dermal
papillae; responsible for light touch, skin movement, and detecting low-frequency
vibrations, such as a breeze; distributed differently throughout the body, but
mostly found in the finger tips and least found in the back.
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles pressure receptor, penetrates deeper than surface; found near subcutaneous fat;
made up by layers of connective tissue; found in internal organs (pressure on
surrounding organs if another organ is full such as the pancreas); connective
tissue cells organized in concentric circles; detects deep pressure, transient
(sudden) pressure, and high-frequency vibrations (feeling a tool vibrate in your
hand)
warm receptors (77-113 degrees Fahrenheit); detected by bare nerve endings; anything above 113
is uncomfortable; pain receptors with lowest thresholds activated/ reach
threshold
cold receptors (50-68 degrees Fahrenheit); detected by bare nerve endings, anything below 50
degrees, cold receptors with lower thresholds are stimulated
CORRECT Answers
General senses interact with the CNS; senses that are more broad and have receptors all over the
body/everywhere (taste, smell, touch, pain)
Special senses interact with the CNS; more specific senses; organs are dedicated to specific
sense (example: nose for smell, and ears for hearing and balance)
what are the types of general senses extroception, introception, and proprioception
Extroception located on the external surface of the body (touch, temperature, pressure, etc.)
interoception sensations on the inside of the body; internal organs expands or contracts
(monitors pH of H+ ions)
proprioception feedback from tendons, joints, muscles: primarily motor cranial nerves do this; for
muscles and joints that are not consciously aware of
five types of sensory receptors chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors chemicals (smell=airborne chemical) (taste or O2 levels); respond to chemical
stimuli, such as taste, smell, blood oxygen levels or pH, triggering impulses when
chemicals bind, can be involved in general or special senses
nociceptors (sensory receptor) pain receptors triggered by temperature or a wide variety of things (stretch,
pressure, chemical, etc.); detect potentially damaging stimuli (extreme heat,
pressure, chemicals) and signal pain, often activated by stimuli that would excite
other receptors but at higher intensities; the only receptor that is unable to adapt
thermoreceptors respond to temperature (hot or cold) by opening specific ion channels in
response to thermal changes, initiating signals; in general senses
mechanoreceptors respond to physical change of mechanical forces like touch, pressure, vibration,
displacement, stretch, and tension in muscles/tendons, leading to nerve impulses
when physically distorted
photoreceptors respond to light; found in the eyes (retina), they detect light (photons) and
convert it into electrical signals for vision; found in specialized senses
sensory impulses must reach threshold to send impulses which determines the intensity by how fast
impulses are sent (less frequent= perceived as less; sound= quiet)
, sensation vague idea/global feeling (a pleasant smell, a sweet taste); the initial physical
process where sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) detect stimuli (light, sound
waves, pressure) and convert them into neural signals
perception exactly what it is (the smell of an apple, the taste of an apple); the active
psychological process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting those neural
signals to form a meaningful representation of the world, influenced by
experience and expectations
projection where the sensory impulse is located/originated
sensory adaptation respond to the environment accordingly, reduce impulse frequency= perception
is less; a process where sensory receptors decrease their response to a
continuous stimulus, preventing sensory overload and freeing up resources to
focus on novel, important changes in the environment. Sensory receptor cells
become less responsive because the constant impulse causes neurons to stop
reaching threshold as often, so the number of impulses going to the brain
decreases. The presynaptic neuron could also be releasing less neurotransmitters
because of the constant stimulation
central sensory adaptation found in the brain and spinal cord; the brain's processing pathways decrease their
response, leading to a loss of conscious awareness; happens at the receptor
peripheral sensory adaptation found everywhere in the body besides the brain and spinal cord; receptors
reduce their firing rate during adaptation, lessening the signal sent to brain;
happens at the synapse; natural analgesic (drug to relieve pain)
free nerve endings located in the epidermis; involved with itching; bare nerve endings; extends into
the epidermis and penetrates the dermal papillae; primarily detect pain,
temperature, and crude touch/pressure, though less specialized for fine touch
than others; winds its way through cells (the desmosomes that hold them
together)
tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle touch receptor, found in fine touch/feeling; located below epidermis, in dermal
papillae; responsible for light touch, skin movement, and detecting low-frequency
vibrations, such as a breeze; distributed differently throughout the body, but
mostly found in the finger tips and least found in the back.
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles pressure receptor, penetrates deeper than surface; found near subcutaneous fat;
made up by layers of connective tissue; found in internal organs (pressure on
surrounding organs if another organ is full such as the pancreas); connective
tissue cells organized in concentric circles; detects deep pressure, transient
(sudden) pressure, and high-frequency vibrations (feeling a tool vibrate in your
hand)
warm receptors (77-113 degrees Fahrenheit); detected by bare nerve endings; anything above 113
is uncomfortable; pain receptors with lowest thresholds activated/ reach
threshold
cold receptors (50-68 degrees Fahrenheit); detected by bare nerve endings, anything below 50
degrees, cold receptors with lower thresholds are stimulated
