AAAE ACE OPERATIONS MODULE 1 FINAL
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is the obstacle free area (OFA)? Answer: The area on the ground
centered on the runway; all objects in the area must be required for
aircraft navigation or maneuvering purposes
⩥ What is the term for the rectangular area beyond the end of the
runway suitable for use in lieu of runway to satisfy takeoff distance
requirements with respect to climb-out? Answer: A clearway
⩥ What is the term for the rectangular area beyond the end of the
runway for use in lieu of runway during an aborted takeoff? Answer: A
stopway
⩥ What are the four declared distances? Answer: TORA, TODA, ASDA
and LDA (all the same number if no stopway, clearway or displaced
threshold)
⩥ How is the takeoff run available (TORA) declared distance defined?
Answer: runway length declared available for the takeoff ground run
,⩥ How is the takeoff distance available (TODA) declared distance
defined? Answer: TORA (ground run available) plus any remaining
runway or clearway beyond the TORA
⩥ How is the accelerated-stop distance available (ASDA) declared
distance defined? Answer: runway plus stopway distance declared
available for an airplane aborting a takeoff
⩥ How is the landing distance available (LDA) declared distance
defined? Answer: runway length declared available for a landing aircraft
(TORA and LDA could differ in the event of a displaced threshold)
⩥ What pavement markings are required at certificated airports?
Answer: applicable runway markings; taxiway centerline; taxiway
edges; holding position; ILS critical area
⩥ What signs are required at certificated airports? Answer: Internally
illuminated signs for taxi routes, holding positions, ILS critical areas
⩥ What lighting is required at certificated airports? Answer: applicable
runway lighting; taxiway lighting (centerline or edge lights or
reflectors); airport beacon; applicable approach lighting; obstruction
lighting; no lights may interfere with air traffic safety
, ⩥ Which airport markings require black borders? Answer: RWY
centerline, threshold, displaced threshold, threshold bar, aiming points,
landing designator, touchdown zone; holding positions; non-movement
area boundary; SMGS taxiway centerlines; enhanced taxiway centerline;
geographic position marking
⩥ When are black boarders not required? Answer: New asphalt up to
two years old
⩥ What width are black boarders? Answer: 6 inches or greater
⩥ Other than black borders, what else is used to enhance some painted
surface markings? Answer: glass beads
⩥ which airport markings require glass beads? Answer: Same as black
boarders and Taxiway direction and location signs; gate destination;
apron entrance
⩥ What is the runway landing designator marking? Answer: A single or
double white number and letter denoting the magnetic azimuth of the
runway and denoting relative position to parallel runways (L, C, R)
⩥ What are the dimensions of the runway centerline marking? Answer:
white dashed line; stripes are 120ft long with gaps of 80ft; widths vary -
precision runway 36", non-precision runway 18", visual runways 12"
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is the obstacle free area (OFA)? Answer: The area on the ground
centered on the runway; all objects in the area must be required for
aircraft navigation or maneuvering purposes
⩥ What is the term for the rectangular area beyond the end of the
runway suitable for use in lieu of runway to satisfy takeoff distance
requirements with respect to climb-out? Answer: A clearway
⩥ What is the term for the rectangular area beyond the end of the
runway for use in lieu of runway during an aborted takeoff? Answer: A
stopway
⩥ What are the four declared distances? Answer: TORA, TODA, ASDA
and LDA (all the same number if no stopway, clearway or displaced
threshold)
⩥ How is the takeoff run available (TORA) declared distance defined?
Answer: runway length declared available for the takeoff ground run
,⩥ How is the takeoff distance available (TODA) declared distance
defined? Answer: TORA (ground run available) plus any remaining
runway or clearway beyond the TORA
⩥ How is the accelerated-stop distance available (ASDA) declared
distance defined? Answer: runway plus stopway distance declared
available for an airplane aborting a takeoff
⩥ How is the landing distance available (LDA) declared distance
defined? Answer: runway length declared available for a landing aircraft
(TORA and LDA could differ in the event of a displaced threshold)
⩥ What pavement markings are required at certificated airports?
Answer: applicable runway markings; taxiway centerline; taxiway
edges; holding position; ILS critical area
⩥ What signs are required at certificated airports? Answer: Internally
illuminated signs for taxi routes, holding positions, ILS critical areas
⩥ What lighting is required at certificated airports? Answer: applicable
runway lighting; taxiway lighting (centerline or edge lights or
reflectors); airport beacon; applicable approach lighting; obstruction
lighting; no lights may interfere with air traffic safety
, ⩥ Which airport markings require black borders? Answer: RWY
centerline, threshold, displaced threshold, threshold bar, aiming points,
landing designator, touchdown zone; holding positions; non-movement
area boundary; SMGS taxiway centerlines; enhanced taxiway centerline;
geographic position marking
⩥ When are black boarders not required? Answer: New asphalt up to
two years old
⩥ What width are black boarders? Answer: 6 inches or greater
⩥ Other than black borders, what else is used to enhance some painted
surface markings? Answer: glass beads
⩥ which airport markings require glass beads? Answer: Same as black
boarders and Taxiway direction and location signs; gate destination;
apron entrance
⩥ What is the runway landing designator marking? Answer: A single or
double white number and letter denoting the magnetic azimuth of the
runway and denoting relative position to parallel runways (L, C, R)
⩥ What are the dimensions of the runway centerline marking? Answer:
white dashed line; stripes are 120ft long with gaps of 80ft; widths vary -
precision runway 36", non-precision runway 18", visual runways 12"
