Advanced Patho Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
incubation period from initial exposure to the onset of 1st symptoms; hours-years
subclinical no clinical signs but infected
prodromal starts with initial symptoms, often very mild with feelings of discomfort and
tiredness
invasion invasion is farther and affects other body tissues; symptoms are at their worst
Covalescence recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal or has a period of
latency
Lipopolysacharide (LPS) activated almost every aspect of inflammation
hallmark sign of infection fever
Virulence capacity to cause severe disease; potency
endemic diseases with relatively high, but constant rates of infection in a particular
population
epidemic number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the
number usually observed
Pandemic an epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide
gram negative bacteria located below diaphragm
gram positive bacteria located above the diaphragm
Exotoxins enzymes released during growth
endotoxins contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during lysis of
bacteria
how to antibiotics work? by prohibiting protein synthesis
Staphlococcus aureus major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections and antibiotic resistance
fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to human cells
most common fungal infection candida albicans
, parasite invasion tissue damage caused by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that
destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue
most common parasitic infection worldwide malaria
viral diseases are the most common affliction of humans- common cold, cold sores, hepatitis,
HIV, cancer
influenza surface proteins undergo change each year
viruses intracellular parasites
-binds to host cell
-penetrates host cell
-release genetic information into host cytoplasm
HIV facts - approximately 1.2 million people in the US have HIV, about 13% of them don't
know it and need testing
-estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021
AIDs diagnosis CD4+ T-Cell numbers are at or below 200
bacteriostatic prevent growth
bactericidal directly kill microorganisms
antivirals are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes
antimicrobials -inhibit production and function of the cell wall
- block DNA replication
- inhibit protein synthesis
- interfere with folic acid metabolism
GAS how stress can lead to disease states
alarm stage stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
-activates the SNS
-FIGHT OR FLIGHT
resistance (adaptation) stage begins with the actions of adrenal hormones
- cortisol, epi, norepi
exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
-onset of disease
HPA axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulating stress response.
CORRECT Answers
incubation period from initial exposure to the onset of 1st symptoms; hours-years
subclinical no clinical signs but infected
prodromal starts with initial symptoms, often very mild with feelings of discomfort and
tiredness
invasion invasion is farther and affects other body tissues; symptoms are at their worst
Covalescence recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal or has a period of
latency
Lipopolysacharide (LPS) activated almost every aspect of inflammation
hallmark sign of infection fever
Virulence capacity to cause severe disease; potency
endemic diseases with relatively high, but constant rates of infection in a particular
population
epidemic number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the
number usually observed
Pandemic an epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide
gram negative bacteria located below diaphragm
gram positive bacteria located above the diaphragm
Exotoxins enzymes released during growth
endotoxins contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during lysis of
bacteria
how to antibiotics work? by prohibiting protein synthesis
Staphlococcus aureus major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections and antibiotic resistance
fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to human cells
most common fungal infection candida albicans
, parasite invasion tissue damage caused by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that
destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue
most common parasitic infection worldwide malaria
viral diseases are the most common affliction of humans- common cold, cold sores, hepatitis,
HIV, cancer
influenza surface proteins undergo change each year
viruses intracellular parasites
-binds to host cell
-penetrates host cell
-release genetic information into host cytoplasm
HIV facts - approximately 1.2 million people in the US have HIV, about 13% of them don't
know it and need testing
-estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021
AIDs diagnosis CD4+ T-Cell numbers are at or below 200
bacteriostatic prevent growth
bactericidal directly kill microorganisms
antivirals are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes
antimicrobials -inhibit production and function of the cell wall
- block DNA replication
- inhibit protein synthesis
- interfere with folic acid metabolism
GAS how stress can lead to disease states
alarm stage stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
-activates the SNS
-FIGHT OR FLIGHT
resistance (adaptation) stage begins with the actions of adrenal hormones
- cortisol, epi, norepi
exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
-onset of disease
HPA axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulating stress response.
