BSC 2086 EXAM 2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS

BSC 2086 EXAM 2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS .The Cardiovascular System - ANSWERS-•A pump (the heart) •A conducting system (blood vessels) •A fluid medium (blood) .Blood is... - ANSWERS-•Specialized fluid of connective tissue •Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix • A transporter of materials to and from cells .A connective tissue is classified as... - ANSWERS-tissue that contains different cell types suspended in a matrix (the matrix can be either solid or fluid) .Materials blood transport - ANSWERS-•Gases- Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) •Nutrients- glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, etc. •Hormones- ACTH, TH, GH, etc. •Immune system components- antibodies, etc. •Waste products- nitrogenous wastes (generated by the metabolic activities of cells) .Important Functions of Blood - ANSWERS-1. Transportation of dissolved substances 2. Regulation of pH and ions 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4. Defense against toxins and pathogens 5. Stabilization of body temperature .Whole Blood composition - ANSWERS-Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) .Plasma composition - ANSWERS-•Water (92%- most of plasma is H2O) •Dissolved plasma proteins •Other solutes .Formed elements - ANSWERS-All cells and solids (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) .Three Types of Formed Elements - ANSWERS-Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets .Erythrocytes (RBC) - ANSWERS-99.9% of the formed elements; transport oxygen .Leukocytes (WBC) - ANSWERS-Part of the immune system .Platelets - ANSWERS-Cell fragments involved in clotting .Hemopoiesis - ANSWERS-•Process of producing formed elements •Formed elements formed from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells .Fractionation - ANSWERS-•Process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis •Separation into plasma and formed elements •A thin buffy coat between RBC pellet (below) and plasma fluid (above) .Buffy coat - ANSWERS-white blood cells and platelets .Hematocrit - ANSWERS-Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells .Normal hematocrit values - ANSWERS-Males: 47% +/- 5% Females: 42% +/- 5% .Three General Characteristics of Blood - ANSWERS-1. 38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature 2. High viscosity -5 times more viscous than water (viscosity caused by dissolved proteins and formed elements in blood) 3. Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45) .Blood volume (liters) - ANSWERS-•7% of body weight (kilograms) •Adult male: 5-6 liters •Adult female: 4-5 liters .Loss of __% blood volume will cause a significant decrease in ___ ___. Therefore, blood donation usually allows up to __ pint (___ L). - ANSWERS-10; blood pressure; 1; 0.5 .The Composition of Plasma - ANSWERS-•Makes up 50-60 percent of blood volume •More than 90 percent of plasma is water •Extracellular fluids .Extracellular fluids - ANSWERS-•Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma •Materials in plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls (water, ions, small solutes) .Interstitial fluid (IF) - ANSWERS-fluid surrounding the cells in tissues .Plasma Proteins - ANSWERS-•Albumins (60%) •Globulins (35%) •Fibrinogen (4%) .Albumins - ANSWERS-Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones .Globulins - ANSWERS-•Antibodies (immunoglobulins) •Transport globulins (small molecules) .Transport globulins - ANSWERS-•Hormone-binding proteins •Metalloproteins •Apolipoproteins (lipoproteins) •Steroid-binding proteins .Fibrinogen - ANSWERS-Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin .Other Plasma Proteins - ANSWERS-•1% of plasma •Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins •Peptide hormones normally present in circulating blood .Blood peptide and glycoprotein hormones - ANSWERS-•Peptide: insulin and prolactin (PRL) •Glycoproteins: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) .Origins of Plasma Proteins - ANSWERS-•More than 90% made in liver •Antibodies made by plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs .Serum - ANSWERS-•Liquid part of a blood sample •Produced when dissolved fibrinogen (normally found in blood) converts to solid fibrin (fibrin is removed from the sample) •Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2+ (used up during the clotting process) .Red blood cells (RBCs) - ANSWERS-•Make up 99.9% of blood's formed elements •Average adult has 25 trillion RBCs -1/3 of all cells in human body .Hemoglobin (Hb) - ANSWERS-•The red pigment that gives whole blood its color •Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide •Protein molecule that transports respiratory gases .Normal hemoglobin levels - ANSWERS-•Adult male- 14-18 g/dL whole blood •Adult female- 12-16 g/dL whole blood (note: 1 dL = 100 mL) .Abundance of RBCs - ANSWERS-RBC count and hematocrit