cmn 102 midterm 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
how do you demonstrate causality? association, temporal priority, and lack of spuriousness
what is association/covariance? when the cause moves, the effect moves. it uses statistics to measure a yes
association and a no association. if there is an association, there will be covariance
and it will likely not result due to chance
what is temporal priority? it shows the cause happens before the effect, and uses logic. It asks "which one
comes first" and "how do we know", along with if its even plausible.
how is temporal priority demonstrated? researches measure at multiple time points with a longitudinal or panel study.
what is lack of spuriousness two things are related but not casually... random chance.
how do you demonstrate lack of spuriousness control the situation statistically for other likely causes. random assignment and
control.
what is the sampling process? selecting a subset of the overall group to represent the group... the whole group
we are interested in is the POPULATION
what is a sampling frame? the group we can functionally choose from to test the experiment on.
what is quintessential convenience sampling? any psychological study with an undergraduate sample group
what is convenience sampling? an approach chosen for convenience, samples people of a close proximity and
available quickly.
what is purposive sampling? choosing participants for specific characteristics. good for unusual behaviors and
traits. Typically used in inductive research
Whats an example of purposive sampling? A study of binge drinking on college campuses... Recruiting frat boys would be
purposive sampling.
what is snowball sampling? each participant is asked to identify further potential participants... starting with a
number of participants, they recruit more participants.
T or F: snowball sampling is a type of convenience True
sampling
What is an example of snowball sampling? Researching hard-to-reach, specialized places, like ex-convicts.
what is quota sampling? selecting a pre-determined number of individuals w/ pre-specified
characteristics... the ability of comparing relevant groups.
, what is an example of quota sampling? comparing match scores by gender, comparing drinking consumption habits by
age
what is a probability sample? ONLY sample that mathematically represents the population
what is a simple random sample? selecting at random from a sampling frame; a type of probability
what is a cluster sample? random sample groups and randomly select from that group... same frame at a
higher level of aggregation
what is an example of a cluster sample a survey conducted by a company to better understand the preferences of its
customers. the company would have to divide the customers based on clusters of
age, gender, location, etc..
what is an example of simple random sample? choosing ten names out of a hat with a hundred employee names to pick
what is an example of a probability sample? when you use statistics or exact calculations
which sampling methods are biased? convenience and snowball samples
how are biases introduced into sampling? introduced by recruitment and incentives
T or F: there are many probability samples F! There are FEW!
how do i get a true probability sample? doing research on a narrow specific
T or F: probability sampling can be impossible to execute. T, certain demographics like ones that require snowballing cannot be random.
what is WEIRD Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic... a critique of science
research
what is a mediated relationship? the median is in the "me"ddle (middle).
example of a mediated relationship? antibiotics leads to FEWER BACTERIA which leads to a lower fever... tv leads to
HIGHER BMI if you snack while watching.
what is the moderator? in terms of special cases, the moderator is the factor who determines who is
affected.
what does statistical analysis ask? is there a relationship? is it probable, not just due to chance?
what does significance mean? the association or difference is real
T or F: when the p value is a lower number, the value is T, p=0.02 so p<0.5 and p<0.001
more significant.
under what percentage is a number significant? anything less than 5%
Answers
how do you demonstrate causality? association, temporal priority, and lack of spuriousness
what is association/covariance? when the cause moves, the effect moves. it uses statistics to measure a yes
association and a no association. if there is an association, there will be covariance
and it will likely not result due to chance
what is temporal priority? it shows the cause happens before the effect, and uses logic. It asks "which one
comes first" and "how do we know", along with if its even plausible.
how is temporal priority demonstrated? researches measure at multiple time points with a longitudinal or panel study.
what is lack of spuriousness two things are related but not casually... random chance.
how do you demonstrate lack of spuriousness control the situation statistically for other likely causes. random assignment and
control.
what is the sampling process? selecting a subset of the overall group to represent the group... the whole group
we are interested in is the POPULATION
what is a sampling frame? the group we can functionally choose from to test the experiment on.
what is quintessential convenience sampling? any psychological study with an undergraduate sample group
what is convenience sampling? an approach chosen for convenience, samples people of a close proximity and
available quickly.
what is purposive sampling? choosing participants for specific characteristics. good for unusual behaviors and
traits. Typically used in inductive research
Whats an example of purposive sampling? A study of binge drinking on college campuses... Recruiting frat boys would be
purposive sampling.
what is snowball sampling? each participant is asked to identify further potential participants... starting with a
number of participants, they recruit more participants.
T or F: snowball sampling is a type of convenience True
sampling
What is an example of snowball sampling? Researching hard-to-reach, specialized places, like ex-convicts.
what is quota sampling? selecting a pre-determined number of individuals w/ pre-specified
characteristics... the ability of comparing relevant groups.
, what is an example of quota sampling? comparing match scores by gender, comparing drinking consumption habits by
age
what is a probability sample? ONLY sample that mathematically represents the population
what is a simple random sample? selecting at random from a sampling frame; a type of probability
what is a cluster sample? random sample groups and randomly select from that group... same frame at a
higher level of aggregation
what is an example of a cluster sample a survey conducted by a company to better understand the preferences of its
customers. the company would have to divide the customers based on clusters of
age, gender, location, etc..
what is an example of simple random sample? choosing ten names out of a hat with a hundred employee names to pick
what is an example of a probability sample? when you use statistics or exact calculations
which sampling methods are biased? convenience and snowball samples
how are biases introduced into sampling? introduced by recruitment and incentives
T or F: there are many probability samples F! There are FEW!
how do i get a true probability sample? doing research on a narrow specific
T or F: probability sampling can be impossible to execute. T, certain demographics like ones that require snowballing cannot be random.
what is WEIRD Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic... a critique of science
research
what is a mediated relationship? the median is in the "me"ddle (middle).
example of a mediated relationship? antibiotics leads to FEWER BACTERIA which leads to a lower fever... tv leads to
HIGHER BMI if you snack while watching.
what is the moderator? in terms of special cases, the moderator is the factor who determines who is
affected.
what does statistical analysis ask? is there a relationship? is it probable, not just due to chance?
what does significance mean? the association or difference is real
T or F: when the p value is a lower number, the value is T, p=0.02 so p<0.5 and p<0.001
more significant.
under what percentage is a number significant? anything less than 5%
