Test Bank for Williams' Essentials
of Nutrition and Diet Therapy 13th
Edition By Joyce Ann Gilbert,
Eleanor Schlenker (All Chapters
1-24, 100% Original Verified, A+
Garde)
All Chapters Arranged Reverse: 24-1
Chapter Wise (1-24) Download link is
Added at The End of PDF File.
This is The Only Original and
Complete Test Bank for 13th
Edition, All Other Files in The
Market are Fake/Old/Wrong
Edition.
,Chapter 24: Cancer
Gilbert: Williams’ Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A neoplasm that does not spread to other tissues is considered
a. contained.
b. benign.
c. operable.
d. metastatic.
ANS: B
Neoplasms (literally new growth) are categorized as either benign, which lack the ability to
spread to other tissues, or malignant, which possess the ability to spread to other tissues.
2. Cancer generally begins with disruptions in
a. DNA replication.
b. nutritional status.
c. RNA transcription.
d. cell metabolism.
ANS: A
There are occasional mutations that occur during DNA replication that either may be of no
physiologic significance or may produce aberrations in the synthesis of various proteins
and/or in phases of the cell cycle. These disruptions can have a host of implications for the
organism, including the transformation of a normal cell into a cell with the capacity for the
abnormal growth that results in cancers.
3. Cancers that arise from skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs are called
a. neoplasms.
b. sarcomas.
c. carcinomas.
d. lymphomas.
ANS: C
Carcinoma is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue. Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of
the immune system. A neoplasm is an abnormal growth that develops anywhere in or on the
body.
4. The best description of sarcoma is cancer that begins in
a. blood-forming tissue.
b. the immune system.
c. the central nervous system.
d. connective tissue.
ANS: D
, Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue. Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of
the immune system. Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow is
leukemia. Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord are known simply as
central nervous system cancers.
5. A factor that has been shown to have a clear association with the development of cancer is
a. gender.
b. fitness level.
c. cardiovascular disease.
d. radiation exposure.
ANS: D
Exposure to radiation may lead to DNA alterations through a variety of mechanisms that are
not yet fully understood. Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is one of the most prominent sources
of environmental carcinogens. Age and environmental factors, like radiation, chemicals, diet,
infections, and occupation, seem to be the most prominent components in the development of
cancer.
6. The four steps of cancer development are
a. stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
b. initiation, promotion, development, and progression.
c. invasion, transport, escape, and adaptation.
d. trigger, growth, proliferation, and metastasis.
ANS: B
Cancers develop through a series of four distinct steps: (1) initiation, (2) promotion, (3)
development, and (4) progression. The invasion metastasis cascade consists of the five phases
of local invasion, invasion of blood vessels, and transport, escape, and adaptation of the
cancer. Various staging systems are used for types of cancers; stages can be as a number, but
this same staging system is not used for all cancers.
7. The science that examines environmental control of gene expression is
a. epigenetics.
b. chromatography.
c. epidemiology.
d. oncogenetics.
ANS: A
Epigenetics is the study of how age and exposure to environmental factors, such as diet,
exercise, drugs, and chemicals, may cause changes in the way genes are switched on and off
without changing the actual DNA sequence. Oncogenetics explores the cause of effects of
genes causing neoplasia specifically. Chromatography is a laboratory technique involving
solutes. Epidemiology is the study of the diseases in populations, investigating who they
affect among populations and why.
8. Areas of mutated DNA are known as
a. tumors.
b. oncogenes.
c. chromatin.
d. cancer.
, ANS: B
An oncogene is a gene that is a mutated (changed) form of a gene involved in normal cell
growth. Oncogenes may cause the growth of cancer cells. Chromatin is the combination of
DNA and proteins that makes up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. Occasional DNA
mutations can occur that are of no physiologic significance (not leading to a tumor). Not all
mutations lead to cancer.
9. Dietary chemopreventive agents include
a. polyphenols and lycopene.
b. soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.
c. nucleotides and nucleosides.
d. essential fatty acids and essential amino acids.
ANS: A
Researchers in epigenetics have identified several dietary constituents that may function as
natural chemopreventive agents by influencing the activity or expression of DNA
methyltransferases and histone-modifying enzymes. These agents include polyphenols and
lycopene.
10. Potent environmental carcinogens include
a. household cleaning chemicals.
b. ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
c. highly processed foods.
d. chemicals in plastic food containers.
ANS: B
Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is one of the most prominent sources of environmental
carcinogens. Epigenetic research into the role of other environmental factors such as
chemicals, diet, infections, and occupation are still being studied, but none are as potent as
sunlight due to its ubiquity.
11. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with development of
a. lymphoma.
b. cervical cancer.
c. breast and skin cancer.
d. liver cancers.
ANS: A
Viruses may be thought of as a major risk factor for cancer development. Numerous
oncogenic viruses have been identified that are capable of producing tumors only in hosts in
which the virus can replicate. Recognized examples of viral-associated cancers include
Epstein-Barr virus and certain lymphomas, human papillomavirus and cervical cancer,
retroviruses and certain breast and skin cancers, and hepatitis B and C and hepatocellular
carcinoma.
12. The population that has the highest overall rate of cancer-related deaths is
a. Caucasians.
b. African Americans.
c. Hispanics and Latinos.
d. Asians.
, ANS: B
Unexplained cancer-related health disparities remain among population subgroups. African
American populations have a higher incidence of both new cancers and deaths from cancer
than whites. Other minority populations, such as Latinos, Native Americans, and Asians and
Pacific Islanders experience disproportionately higher rates of specific forms of cancers.
13. Major disadvantages of abdominal radiation include
a. adverse effects on bowel function.
b. compromised immune function.
c. impaired liver and kidney function.
d. loss of saliva and altered sense of taste and smell.
ANS: A
Abdominal cavity radiation therapy may produce denuded bowel mucosa and loss of villi with
tissue edema and congestion; vascular changes occur as a result of intimal thickening,
thrombosis, ulcer formation, or inflammation. In the intestinal wall, fibrosis, stenosis,
necrosis, or ulceration may occur. Head and neck radiation therapy typically affects oral
mucosa and salivary secretions, and can cause hypogeusia and dysnomia. Patients undergoing
chemotherapy are more likely to experience compromised immune function.
14. Chemotherapeutic agents arrest tumors by
a. dehydrating cancer cells.
b. depriving cancer cells of oxygen.
c. disrupting normal cell reproduction.
d. killing cancer cells on contact.
ANS: C
Chemotherapeutic agents are effective because they disrupt normal cellular processes
responsible for cell growth and reproduction. Some agents interfere with DNA synthesis.
Others disrupt DNA structure and RNA replication. Others prevent mitosis, cause hormonal
imbalances, or disrupt protein synthesis by limiting the availability of specific amino acids.
15. Patients who receive chemotherapeutic drugs often develop
a. anemia.
b. liver failure.
c. congestive heart failure.
d. abnormal heart rhythms.
ANS: A
Patients with cancer typically have increased needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals,
and fluid, based on the disease itself and its treatment. Malabsorption and fluid and electrolyte
imbalances may result from inadequate control of chemotherapy-induced emesis.
16. The systemic effects of cancer may result in
a. edema.
b. jaundice.
c. dehydration.
d. negative nitrogen balance.
ANS: D
, The disease process itself may be associated with three basic systemic effects—(1) anorexia,
(2) altered metabolic state, and (3) negative nitrogen balance—which are often accompanied
by a continuing weight loss. These effects may vary widely with individual patients, according
to type and stage of the disease.
17. The greatest interference with normal food intake is caused by treatment of cancer in the
a. lung.
b. lymph glands.
c. head and neck.
d. white blood cells.
ANS: C
Treatment of cancer in the head and neck often interferes with food ingestion by affecting
appetite, chewing, saliva production, sense of taste and smell, and/or swallowing. Treatment
of the other types of cancer may or may not have nutrition-related effects.
18. Loss of taste sensation is most likely to occur when cancer patients are treated using
a. surgery.
b. radiation.
c. chemotherapy.
d. alternative therapies.
ANS: B
Radiation therapy, particularly to the head and neck, typically affects oral mucosa and salivary
secretions, as well as the esophagus, influencing taste sensations and sensitivity to food
temperature and texture. Common side effects include mucositis, xerostomia, hypogeusia, and
dysnomia (alteration in or loss of smell).
19. Patients who undergo pancreatectomy are likely to develop
a. cholelithiasis.
b. cirrhosis of the liver.
c. type 1 diabetes mellitus.
d. type 2 diabetes mellitus.
ANS: C
Pancreatectomy causes loss of digestive enzymes with ensuing malabsorption and weight loss;
it also induces insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
20. One of the most important factors in the decline in incidence of late-stage cancers is
a. increased intake of fruits and vegetables.
b. improved access to cancer treatment.
c. better understanding of the process of cancer development.
d. widespread screening for common cancers.
ANS: D
Among the reasons for the decreased incidence of cancer, particularly late-stage cancers, is
widespread use of screening tests for several of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. Early
detection of cancer increases the probability of successful treatment.
21. The TNM cancer staging system describes
a. type of cancer, number of tumors, and mortality risk.
of Nutrition and Diet Therapy 13th
Edition By Joyce Ann Gilbert,
Eleanor Schlenker (All Chapters
1-24, 100% Original Verified, A+
Garde)
All Chapters Arranged Reverse: 24-1
Chapter Wise (1-24) Download link is
Added at The End of PDF File.
This is The Only Original and
Complete Test Bank for 13th
Edition, All Other Files in The
Market are Fake/Old/Wrong
Edition.
,Chapter 24: Cancer
Gilbert: Williams’ Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A neoplasm that does not spread to other tissues is considered
a. contained.
b. benign.
c. operable.
d. metastatic.
ANS: B
Neoplasms (literally new growth) are categorized as either benign, which lack the ability to
spread to other tissues, or malignant, which possess the ability to spread to other tissues.
2. Cancer generally begins with disruptions in
a. DNA replication.
b. nutritional status.
c. RNA transcription.
d. cell metabolism.
ANS: A
There are occasional mutations that occur during DNA replication that either may be of no
physiologic significance or may produce aberrations in the synthesis of various proteins
and/or in phases of the cell cycle. These disruptions can have a host of implications for the
organism, including the transformation of a normal cell into a cell with the capacity for the
abnormal growth that results in cancers.
3. Cancers that arise from skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs are called
a. neoplasms.
b. sarcomas.
c. carcinomas.
d. lymphomas.
ANS: C
Carcinoma is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue. Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of
the immune system. A neoplasm is an abnormal growth that develops anywhere in or on the
body.
4. The best description of sarcoma is cancer that begins in
a. blood-forming tissue.
b. the immune system.
c. the central nervous system.
d. connective tissue.
ANS: D
, Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue. Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of
the immune system. Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow is
leukemia. Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord are known simply as
central nervous system cancers.
5. A factor that has been shown to have a clear association with the development of cancer is
a. gender.
b. fitness level.
c. cardiovascular disease.
d. radiation exposure.
ANS: D
Exposure to radiation may lead to DNA alterations through a variety of mechanisms that are
not yet fully understood. Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is one of the most prominent sources
of environmental carcinogens. Age and environmental factors, like radiation, chemicals, diet,
infections, and occupation, seem to be the most prominent components in the development of
cancer.
6. The four steps of cancer development are
a. stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
b. initiation, promotion, development, and progression.
c. invasion, transport, escape, and adaptation.
d. trigger, growth, proliferation, and metastasis.
ANS: B
Cancers develop through a series of four distinct steps: (1) initiation, (2) promotion, (3)
development, and (4) progression. The invasion metastasis cascade consists of the five phases
of local invasion, invasion of blood vessels, and transport, escape, and adaptation of the
cancer. Various staging systems are used for types of cancers; stages can be as a number, but
this same staging system is not used for all cancers.
7. The science that examines environmental control of gene expression is
a. epigenetics.
b. chromatography.
c. epidemiology.
d. oncogenetics.
ANS: A
Epigenetics is the study of how age and exposure to environmental factors, such as diet,
exercise, drugs, and chemicals, may cause changes in the way genes are switched on and off
without changing the actual DNA sequence. Oncogenetics explores the cause of effects of
genes causing neoplasia specifically. Chromatography is a laboratory technique involving
solutes. Epidemiology is the study of the diseases in populations, investigating who they
affect among populations and why.
8. Areas of mutated DNA are known as
a. tumors.
b. oncogenes.
c. chromatin.
d. cancer.
, ANS: B
An oncogene is a gene that is a mutated (changed) form of a gene involved in normal cell
growth. Oncogenes may cause the growth of cancer cells. Chromatin is the combination of
DNA and proteins that makes up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. Occasional DNA
mutations can occur that are of no physiologic significance (not leading to a tumor). Not all
mutations lead to cancer.
9. Dietary chemopreventive agents include
a. polyphenols and lycopene.
b. soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.
c. nucleotides and nucleosides.
d. essential fatty acids and essential amino acids.
ANS: A
Researchers in epigenetics have identified several dietary constituents that may function as
natural chemopreventive agents by influencing the activity or expression of DNA
methyltransferases and histone-modifying enzymes. These agents include polyphenols and
lycopene.
10. Potent environmental carcinogens include
a. household cleaning chemicals.
b. ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
c. highly processed foods.
d. chemicals in plastic food containers.
ANS: B
Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is one of the most prominent sources of environmental
carcinogens. Epigenetic research into the role of other environmental factors such as
chemicals, diet, infections, and occupation are still being studied, but none are as potent as
sunlight due to its ubiquity.
11. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with development of
a. lymphoma.
b. cervical cancer.
c. breast and skin cancer.
d. liver cancers.
ANS: A
Viruses may be thought of as a major risk factor for cancer development. Numerous
oncogenic viruses have been identified that are capable of producing tumors only in hosts in
which the virus can replicate. Recognized examples of viral-associated cancers include
Epstein-Barr virus and certain lymphomas, human papillomavirus and cervical cancer,
retroviruses and certain breast and skin cancers, and hepatitis B and C and hepatocellular
carcinoma.
12. The population that has the highest overall rate of cancer-related deaths is
a. Caucasians.
b. African Americans.
c. Hispanics and Latinos.
d. Asians.
, ANS: B
Unexplained cancer-related health disparities remain among population subgroups. African
American populations have a higher incidence of both new cancers and deaths from cancer
than whites. Other minority populations, such as Latinos, Native Americans, and Asians and
Pacific Islanders experience disproportionately higher rates of specific forms of cancers.
13. Major disadvantages of abdominal radiation include
a. adverse effects on bowel function.
b. compromised immune function.
c. impaired liver and kidney function.
d. loss of saliva and altered sense of taste and smell.
ANS: A
Abdominal cavity radiation therapy may produce denuded bowel mucosa and loss of villi with
tissue edema and congestion; vascular changes occur as a result of intimal thickening,
thrombosis, ulcer formation, or inflammation. In the intestinal wall, fibrosis, stenosis,
necrosis, or ulceration may occur. Head and neck radiation therapy typically affects oral
mucosa and salivary secretions, and can cause hypogeusia and dysnomia. Patients undergoing
chemotherapy are more likely to experience compromised immune function.
14. Chemotherapeutic agents arrest tumors by
a. dehydrating cancer cells.
b. depriving cancer cells of oxygen.
c. disrupting normal cell reproduction.
d. killing cancer cells on contact.
ANS: C
Chemotherapeutic agents are effective because they disrupt normal cellular processes
responsible for cell growth and reproduction. Some agents interfere with DNA synthesis.
Others disrupt DNA structure and RNA replication. Others prevent mitosis, cause hormonal
imbalances, or disrupt protein synthesis by limiting the availability of specific amino acids.
15. Patients who receive chemotherapeutic drugs often develop
a. anemia.
b. liver failure.
c. congestive heart failure.
d. abnormal heart rhythms.
ANS: A
Patients with cancer typically have increased needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals,
and fluid, based on the disease itself and its treatment. Malabsorption and fluid and electrolyte
imbalances may result from inadequate control of chemotherapy-induced emesis.
16. The systemic effects of cancer may result in
a. edema.
b. jaundice.
c. dehydration.
d. negative nitrogen balance.
ANS: D
, The disease process itself may be associated with three basic systemic effects—(1) anorexia,
(2) altered metabolic state, and (3) negative nitrogen balance—which are often accompanied
by a continuing weight loss. These effects may vary widely with individual patients, according
to type and stage of the disease.
17. The greatest interference with normal food intake is caused by treatment of cancer in the
a. lung.
b. lymph glands.
c. head and neck.
d. white blood cells.
ANS: C
Treatment of cancer in the head and neck often interferes with food ingestion by affecting
appetite, chewing, saliva production, sense of taste and smell, and/or swallowing. Treatment
of the other types of cancer may or may not have nutrition-related effects.
18. Loss of taste sensation is most likely to occur when cancer patients are treated using
a. surgery.
b. radiation.
c. chemotherapy.
d. alternative therapies.
ANS: B
Radiation therapy, particularly to the head and neck, typically affects oral mucosa and salivary
secretions, as well as the esophagus, influencing taste sensations and sensitivity to food
temperature and texture. Common side effects include mucositis, xerostomia, hypogeusia, and
dysnomia (alteration in or loss of smell).
19. Patients who undergo pancreatectomy are likely to develop
a. cholelithiasis.
b. cirrhosis of the liver.
c. type 1 diabetes mellitus.
d. type 2 diabetes mellitus.
ANS: C
Pancreatectomy causes loss of digestive enzymes with ensuing malabsorption and weight loss;
it also induces insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
20. One of the most important factors in the decline in incidence of late-stage cancers is
a. increased intake of fruits and vegetables.
b. improved access to cancer treatment.
c. better understanding of the process of cancer development.
d. widespread screening for common cancers.
ANS: D
Among the reasons for the decreased incidence of cancer, particularly late-stage cancers, is
widespread use of screening tests for several of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. Early
detection of cancer increases the probability of successful treatment.
21. The TNM cancer staging system describes
a. type of cancer, number of tumors, and mortality risk.
