Toxicology Test Questions with Verified Answers Rated A
Toxicology - -Study of adverse effects of
chemicals (xenobiotics) or physical agents on living
organisms Safety - -Practical certainty that injury will not
result from the use of a chemical under specified
conditions
Poison - -Any agent capable of producing an
adverse effect or response on a biological system
causing injury or producing death Toxicity - -Capacity of a chemical to produce
injury
Toxin - -Produced by biological systems
(plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) 3 Areas of Toxicology - -Descriptive
Mechanistic
Regulatory
Toxicant - -By-product of anthropogenic
activities
Descriptive toxicology - -Toxicity testing, safety
evaluation, and regulatory requirements
Main/desired/therapeutic effect - -Purpose for
which medicinal or chemical substance is
administered Mechanistic toxicology - -identify and
characterize cellular, biochemical, and molecular
mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects
Side effect - -Any effect other than that for
which medicinal substance is administered
Regulatory toxicology - -responsible for
deciding level of risk in allowing drugs to be used for
Adverse effect - -Any response to a medicinal stated purpose in humans or chemicals in the
which is noxious and unintended at therapeutic environment (FDA, EPA, OSHA, Etc.)
doses
-Doesn't include intentional or accidental ingestion or
drug abuse All areas of toxicology are interrelated and contribute
to __ - -Risk assessment
Toxic effect - -Effect of chemical on biological
organism that is deleterious to the well being or life of Risk assessment - -quantitative estimate of
the organism potential effects on human health and environmental
-toxic effect is a side effect when medicinal is used significance of chemical exposure
as a therapeutic agent in prevention, diagnosis, or
treatment
-toxic effect is the desired effect when a chemical is Clinical Toxicology - --Diseases caused or
used to eradicate microbes, pests, cells, etc. and associated with toxic substances
does so without harm to the user -Diagnosis and treatment of harmful effects of
chemicals
-Treatment of poisonings
Hazard - --Potential for toxicity
-Probability that injury will occur from a chemical
under specific conditions Forensic Toxicology - --Medico-legal aspects
-Involves packaging, formulation, access, availability -Establishing cause of death
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, Toxicology Test Questions with Verified Answers Rated A
Immediate vs. Delayed Effects - -Immediate:
Environmental Toxicology - -Chemical effects that occur rapidly after a single dose
exposures in environment, effects on non-hman
organisms Delayed: effects that occur after passage of time
*most substances produce immediate toxic effects
Ecotoxicology - -Focuses on impact of toxic
substances on population dynamics
Local vs. Systemic Effects - --Site of action
-Local: site of first contact (caustics, irritants; mostly
Types of Toxicity - -Acute in GIT, res. tract, skin)
-Absorption and contact are rapid -Systemic: entry point to distant site; involves
-Exposure is sudden/severe absorption and distribution, most toxicants, CNS
-Single dose, can be delayed often involved, circulation, visceral organs, etc
Subacute
-Occurs with frequent, repeated doses over hours or Interactions of Chemicals - --Additive
days -Synergistic
-Symptoms same as acute -Potentiation
-Antagonism
Chronic
-Occurs after repeated exposure over long period of
time to substance; accumulates in organism Additive - -combined effect is equal to sum of
-Results from repeated skin contamination, inhalation effects of agents given alone (2+2=4)
in atmosphere, ingestion of food with small quantities
of persistent toxic agent
Synergistic - -combined effect is greater than
the sum of the effects of agents given alone (2+2=6)
Allergic Reactions - --result from previous
exposure and sensitization
-not generally dose related Potentiation - -one substance does not affect
given organ but when given with another substance,
the second substance exerts a greater effect
Reversible versus Irreversible Effects - -
Reversible- liver
Antagonism - -Two substances given together
Irreversible- CNS, cancer, teratogenic interfere with each others actions or one interferes
with the action of another
-Dispositional: ADME based
Idiosyncratic Reactions - --genetically -Functional: agents produce opposite effects on same
determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical physiological function
-reaction is qualitatively similar but may be extreme -Chemical: inactivation, chelators
sensitivity or insensitivity -Receptor: both agents bind to receptor, blockers
-Ex) muscle relaxant succinylcholine, enzyme less
active
-Idiosyncrasy: at one time; term to refer to abnormal Classifications of toxic agents - --target organs:
reactions that occur with low frequency liver, kidney, skin
-use: pesticide, solvent, additive
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Toxicology - -Study of adverse effects of
chemicals (xenobiotics) or physical agents on living
organisms Safety - -Practical certainty that injury will not
result from the use of a chemical under specified
conditions
Poison - -Any agent capable of producing an
adverse effect or response on a biological system
causing injury or producing death Toxicity - -Capacity of a chemical to produce
injury
Toxin - -Produced by biological systems
(plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) 3 Areas of Toxicology - -Descriptive
Mechanistic
Regulatory
Toxicant - -By-product of anthropogenic
activities
Descriptive toxicology - -Toxicity testing, safety
evaluation, and regulatory requirements
Main/desired/therapeutic effect - -Purpose for
which medicinal or chemical substance is
administered Mechanistic toxicology - -identify and
characterize cellular, biochemical, and molecular
mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects
Side effect - -Any effect other than that for
which medicinal substance is administered
Regulatory toxicology - -responsible for
deciding level of risk in allowing drugs to be used for
Adverse effect - -Any response to a medicinal stated purpose in humans or chemicals in the
which is noxious and unintended at therapeutic environment (FDA, EPA, OSHA, Etc.)
doses
-Doesn't include intentional or accidental ingestion or
drug abuse All areas of toxicology are interrelated and contribute
to __ - -Risk assessment
Toxic effect - -Effect of chemical on biological
organism that is deleterious to the well being or life of Risk assessment - -quantitative estimate of
the organism potential effects on human health and environmental
-toxic effect is a side effect when medicinal is used significance of chemical exposure
as a therapeutic agent in prevention, diagnosis, or
treatment
-toxic effect is the desired effect when a chemical is Clinical Toxicology - --Diseases caused or
used to eradicate microbes, pests, cells, etc. and associated with toxic substances
does so without harm to the user -Diagnosis and treatment of harmful effects of
chemicals
-Treatment of poisonings
Hazard - --Potential for toxicity
-Probability that injury will occur from a chemical
under specific conditions Forensic Toxicology - --Medico-legal aspects
-Involves packaging, formulation, access, availability -Establishing cause of death
1/7
, Toxicology Test Questions with Verified Answers Rated A
Immediate vs. Delayed Effects - -Immediate:
Environmental Toxicology - -Chemical effects that occur rapidly after a single dose
exposures in environment, effects on non-hman
organisms Delayed: effects that occur after passage of time
*most substances produce immediate toxic effects
Ecotoxicology - -Focuses on impact of toxic
substances on population dynamics
Local vs. Systemic Effects - --Site of action
-Local: site of first contact (caustics, irritants; mostly
Types of Toxicity - -Acute in GIT, res. tract, skin)
-Absorption and contact are rapid -Systemic: entry point to distant site; involves
-Exposure is sudden/severe absorption and distribution, most toxicants, CNS
-Single dose, can be delayed often involved, circulation, visceral organs, etc
Subacute
-Occurs with frequent, repeated doses over hours or Interactions of Chemicals - --Additive
days -Synergistic
-Symptoms same as acute -Potentiation
-Antagonism
Chronic
-Occurs after repeated exposure over long period of
time to substance; accumulates in organism Additive - -combined effect is equal to sum of
-Results from repeated skin contamination, inhalation effects of agents given alone (2+2=4)
in atmosphere, ingestion of food with small quantities
of persistent toxic agent
Synergistic - -combined effect is greater than
the sum of the effects of agents given alone (2+2=6)
Allergic Reactions - --result from previous
exposure and sensitization
-not generally dose related Potentiation - -one substance does not affect
given organ but when given with another substance,
the second substance exerts a greater effect
Reversible versus Irreversible Effects - -
Reversible- liver
Antagonism - -Two substances given together
Irreversible- CNS, cancer, teratogenic interfere with each others actions or one interferes
with the action of another
-Dispositional: ADME based
Idiosyncratic Reactions - --genetically -Functional: agents produce opposite effects on same
determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical physiological function
-reaction is qualitatively similar but may be extreme -Chemical: inactivation, chelators
sensitivity or insensitivity -Receptor: both agents bind to receptor, blockers
-Ex) muscle relaxant succinylcholine, enzyme less
active
-Idiosyncrasy: at one time; term to refer to abnormal Classifications of toxic agents - --target organs:
reactions that occur with low frequency liver, kidney, skin
-use: pesticide, solvent, additive
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