PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 171 MODULE 2
ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?
Answer: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the
enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly
by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the
absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its
presence enzymes are active.
◉ What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? Answer:
Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful
energy sources whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of
macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes,
most often associated with cellular growth and repair.
◉ ATP has the energy to ----- , while ADP has the capacity to ---- energy.
Answer: ---- 1. Donate
----2. Accept
◉ Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups?
Answer: Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals
found in the environment, can be divided into either organotrophs
, (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules.
◉ Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? Answer:
Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also accept substrate
level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy
released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP.
◉ What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose?
Answer: Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2
molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produced. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation
event at the mitochondrial membrane.
◉ What are the reactants of glycolysis? Answer: Reactants are defined
as any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific
chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical
reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The
reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
◉ What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular
concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized? Answer:
Fermentation and Respiration are the two strategies used by the cell to
convert NADH (end product of glycolysis) back to NAD+. Fermentation
occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) while respiration
ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?
Answer: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the
enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly
by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the
absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its
presence enzymes are active.
◉ What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? Answer:
Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful
energy sources whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of
macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes,
most often associated with cellular growth and repair.
◉ ATP has the energy to ----- , while ADP has the capacity to ---- energy.
Answer: ---- 1. Donate
----2. Accept
◉ Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups?
Answer: Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals
found in the environment, can be divided into either organotrophs
, (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules.
◉ Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? Answer:
Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also accept substrate
level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy
released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP.
◉ What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose?
Answer: Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2
molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produced. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation
event at the mitochondrial membrane.
◉ What are the reactants of glycolysis? Answer: Reactants are defined
as any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific
chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical
reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The
reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
◉ What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular
concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized? Answer:
Fermentation and Respiration are the two strategies used by the cell to
convert NADH (end product of glycolysis) back to NAD+. Fermentation
occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) while respiration
