Jersey College MedSurg 2 RN
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What structures are included in the renal and urinary systems? - ANSWER
✔ The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
2. What is the primary function of the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ To regulate
fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure.
3. What is the anatomical location of the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔
Retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, from T12 to L3.
4. What is the hilum of the kidney? - ANSWER ✔ The outer convex surface
where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter penetrate.
5. Why is the right kidney lower than the left? - ANSWER ✔ Due to the
location of the liver.
6. What protects the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ Ribs, muscles, fat deposits, and
renal fascia.
,7. What are the two main parts of the renal parenchyma? - ANSWER ✔ Cortex
(outermost) and medulla (inner).
8. What is the function of nephrons? - ANSWER ✔ Responsible for urine
formation.
9. Why is close monitoring for toxicity important in patients undergoing
hemodialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Certain medications, such as cardiac
glycosides, antibiotics, antiarrhythmics, and antihypertensives, often need
dose adjustments due to their removal during HD.
10.What is a critical consideration for antihypertensive management in patients
before hemodialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Taking antihypertensives before HD
may cause dangerous hypotension; it's best to administer once-daily
medications after dialysis.
11.What are the primary goals of nutritional therapy for dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Minimize uremic symptoms, prevent fluid and electrolyte
imbalance, maintain adequate nutrition, and enable a palatable diet.
12.What are typical dietary restrictions for patients on dialysis? - ANSWER ✔
Sodium: ~2 g/day, Fluid: based on residual urine (usually 1000-1500
mL/day), Potassium and phosphorus: restricted based on renal function,
Protein: ~1.2 g/kg/day with high biological value.
13.What is the goal for interdialytic weight gain in dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Keep interdialytic weight gain less than 4% of estimated dry
weight.
,14.What psychosocial challenges do dialysis patients commonly face? -
ANSWER ✔ Depression, fear of death, financial strain, job loss, relationship
strain, sexual dysfunction, and loss of spontaneity due to the dialysis
schedule.
15.What are some emotional expressions patients may struggle with during
dialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Patients may experience inward anger leading to
depression or outward anger causing family conflict.
16.What psychological interventions are recommended for dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Counseling, psychotherapy, mental health referrals, and
screening for depression using tools like PHQ-9 or Beck Depression
Inventory.
17.angina could be triggered by ? - ANSWER ✔ eating a heavy meal
Exp: blood shunted to the GI area which decreases blood availability to the
myocardium
18.locations of chest pain? - ANSWER ✔ typically felt behind the sternum and
may radiate to:neck, jaw, shoulders, and along the inner aspect of the left
arm.
19.Pt. education for nitroglycerin? - ANSWER ✔ 1. keep in a dark bottle
2.renew every 6 months
3.place under tongue, never swallowed
4. can take every 5 minutes x 3 doses
5. call 911 after the first dose if pain is not relieved
, 20.decrease in cardiac output, expect the pulse to be? - ANSWER ✔ weak,
thready pulse
21.signs of hypokalemia? - ANSWER ✔ muscle weakness
fatigue
muscle cramps
constipation
inverted T waves and a U wave on ekg
22.metabolic syndrome increases the risk of? - ANSWER ✔ heart disease
23.spironolactone is a potassium sparing diuretic that could? - ANSWER ✔
potentiate fluid and electrolyte imbalances ( if given with potassium
supplements, hyperkalemia can occur)
24.how do bet-blockers work? end in -olol - ANSWER ✔ decreases heart rate
and blood pressure. mask the signs of hypoglycemia or worsen asthma
because of bronchoconstriction
25.why should you avoid discontinuing anti-hypertensives medications
abruptly? - ANSWER ✔ increase risk for rebound hypertension
26.ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the
risk of? - ANSWER ✔ hyperkalemia
27.ACE inhibitors, how do they work? ends in -pril - ANSWER ✔ stop
angiotensin 1 from converting to angiotensin 2 (powerful vasoconstrictor)
thereby lowering total peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What structures are included in the renal and urinary systems? - ANSWER
✔ The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
2. What is the primary function of the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ To regulate
fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure.
3. What is the anatomical location of the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔
Retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, from T12 to L3.
4. What is the hilum of the kidney? - ANSWER ✔ The outer convex surface
where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter penetrate.
5. Why is the right kidney lower than the left? - ANSWER ✔ Due to the
location of the liver.
6. What protects the kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ Ribs, muscles, fat deposits, and
renal fascia.
,7. What are the two main parts of the renal parenchyma? - ANSWER ✔ Cortex
(outermost) and medulla (inner).
8. What is the function of nephrons? - ANSWER ✔ Responsible for urine
formation.
9. Why is close monitoring for toxicity important in patients undergoing
hemodialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Certain medications, such as cardiac
glycosides, antibiotics, antiarrhythmics, and antihypertensives, often need
dose adjustments due to their removal during HD.
10.What is a critical consideration for antihypertensive management in patients
before hemodialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Taking antihypertensives before HD
may cause dangerous hypotension; it's best to administer once-daily
medications after dialysis.
11.What are the primary goals of nutritional therapy for dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Minimize uremic symptoms, prevent fluid and electrolyte
imbalance, maintain adequate nutrition, and enable a palatable diet.
12.What are typical dietary restrictions for patients on dialysis? - ANSWER ✔
Sodium: ~2 g/day, Fluid: based on residual urine (usually 1000-1500
mL/day), Potassium and phosphorus: restricted based on renal function,
Protein: ~1.2 g/kg/day with high biological value.
13.What is the goal for interdialytic weight gain in dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Keep interdialytic weight gain less than 4% of estimated dry
weight.
,14.What psychosocial challenges do dialysis patients commonly face? -
ANSWER ✔ Depression, fear of death, financial strain, job loss, relationship
strain, sexual dysfunction, and loss of spontaneity due to the dialysis
schedule.
15.What are some emotional expressions patients may struggle with during
dialysis? - ANSWER ✔ Patients may experience inward anger leading to
depression or outward anger causing family conflict.
16.What psychological interventions are recommended for dialysis patients? -
ANSWER ✔ Counseling, psychotherapy, mental health referrals, and
screening for depression using tools like PHQ-9 or Beck Depression
Inventory.
17.angina could be triggered by ? - ANSWER ✔ eating a heavy meal
Exp: blood shunted to the GI area which decreases blood availability to the
myocardium
18.locations of chest pain? - ANSWER ✔ typically felt behind the sternum and
may radiate to:neck, jaw, shoulders, and along the inner aspect of the left
arm.
19.Pt. education for nitroglycerin? - ANSWER ✔ 1. keep in a dark bottle
2.renew every 6 months
3.place under tongue, never swallowed
4. can take every 5 minutes x 3 doses
5. call 911 after the first dose if pain is not relieved
, 20.decrease in cardiac output, expect the pulse to be? - ANSWER ✔ weak,
thready pulse
21.signs of hypokalemia? - ANSWER ✔ muscle weakness
fatigue
muscle cramps
constipation
inverted T waves and a U wave on ekg
22.metabolic syndrome increases the risk of? - ANSWER ✔ heart disease
23.spironolactone is a potassium sparing diuretic that could? - ANSWER ✔
potentiate fluid and electrolyte imbalances ( if given with potassium
supplements, hyperkalemia can occur)
24.how do bet-blockers work? end in -olol - ANSWER ✔ decreases heart rate
and blood pressure. mask the signs of hypoglycemia or worsen asthma
because of bronchoconstriction
25.why should you avoid discontinuing anti-hypertensives medications
abruptly? - ANSWER ✔ increase risk for rebound hypertension
26.ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the
risk of? - ANSWER ✔ hyperkalemia
27.ACE inhibitors, how do they work? ends in -pril - ANSWER ✔ stop
angiotensin 1 from converting to angiotensin 2 (powerful vasoconstrictor)
thereby lowering total peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure
