S-130 AND L-180 FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What must occur for effective communication? Answer: Sender,
receiver, information exchange
⩥ What reduces judgement and alertness on the fireline? Answer:
fatigue, stress, heat stress, physical and interior barriers
⩥ What are some human factors that affect situational awareness?
Answer: INEXPERIENCE (unfamiliar with area or factors)
DISTRACTION FROM PRIMARY TASK (radio traffic, conflict,
pervious errors, collateral duties, incident within incident)
FATIGUE (carbon monoxide, dehydration, heat stress, poor physical
fitness)
STRESS REACTIONS (communication deteriorates/grows tense,
habitual or repetitive behavior, target fixation, action tunneling,
escalation of commitment)
HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES (invulnerable, anti-authority, impulsive,
macho, complacent, resigned, group think)
⩥ What are the steps in an after-action-review? Answer: What was
planned?
, What actually happened?
Why did it happen?
What can we do next time?
⩥ When is an AAR most effective? Answer: when performed
immediately after event, leader's role is to ensure skilled facilitation,
reinforce respectful disagreement is ok, focus on what instead of who,
make sure everyone participates, end on a positive note
⩥ What are the 10 standard firefighting orders? Answer: -Keep informed
on fire weather conditions and forecasts
-Know what your fire is doing at all times
-Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire
-Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known
-Post lookouts when possible danger
-Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively
-Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor,
and adjoining forces
-Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood
-Maintain control of your forces at all times
-Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first
⩥ What are the 18 watch-out situations? Answer: -Fire not scouted and
sized up
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What must occur for effective communication? Answer: Sender,
receiver, information exchange
⩥ What reduces judgement and alertness on the fireline? Answer:
fatigue, stress, heat stress, physical and interior barriers
⩥ What are some human factors that affect situational awareness?
Answer: INEXPERIENCE (unfamiliar with area or factors)
DISTRACTION FROM PRIMARY TASK (radio traffic, conflict,
pervious errors, collateral duties, incident within incident)
FATIGUE (carbon monoxide, dehydration, heat stress, poor physical
fitness)
STRESS REACTIONS (communication deteriorates/grows tense,
habitual or repetitive behavior, target fixation, action tunneling,
escalation of commitment)
HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES (invulnerable, anti-authority, impulsive,
macho, complacent, resigned, group think)
⩥ What are the steps in an after-action-review? Answer: What was
planned?
, What actually happened?
Why did it happen?
What can we do next time?
⩥ When is an AAR most effective? Answer: when performed
immediately after event, leader's role is to ensure skilled facilitation,
reinforce respectful disagreement is ok, focus on what instead of who,
make sure everyone participates, end on a positive note
⩥ What are the 10 standard firefighting orders? Answer: -Keep informed
on fire weather conditions and forecasts
-Know what your fire is doing at all times
-Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire
-Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known
-Post lookouts when possible danger
-Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively
-Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor,
and adjoining forces
-Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood
-Maintain control of your forces at all times
-Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first
⩥ What are the 18 watch-out situations? Answer: -Fire not scouted and
sized up
