NST 160 FINAL STUDY PAPER 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT
SOLUTIONS
⩥ cancer cachexia activates what to contribute to muscle atrophy?
Answer: eIF2 kinases
⩥ lack of essential AA's affects which stage of protein synthesis?
Answer: translational initiation
⩥ three subunits of AMPK and their binding sites? Answer: alpha -
complex formation, beta
beta - carbs, alpha, gamma
gamma - beta, AMP/ATP
⩥ LKB I Answer: primary AMPK kinase; may involve sirtuins
⩥ CaMKKβ (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β)
Answer: activates AMPK in response to Ca2+ concentrations,
independent of any AMP/ATP ratio
, ⩥ AMPK function? inhibits what via? Answer: switching on alternate
catabolic pathways that make ATP, switching off ATP consuming
processes; inhibits mTOR via TSC 1/2
⩥ AMPK and ACC Answer: - AMPK phosphorylates/inhibits ACC >
less malonyl coA
- malonyl CoA inhibits CPT I, the rate limiting step for entry of LCFAs
into mitochondria for oxidation
- less malonyl CoA > increase FFA oxidation
⩥ AMPK and diabetes Answer: diabetes associated with AMPK
suppression; metformin (anti-diabetic drug) activates AMPK properly
⩥ natural activators of AMPK (2) Answer: berberine - plant alkaloid
EGCG - green tea
⩥ Wolffe Parkinson-White syndrome Answer: hereditary heart disease
where mutation in gamma subunit of AMPK prevents activation >
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
⩥ regulation of macroautophagy? Answer: - mTOR keeps ULK1
(necessary for autophagosome formation) and DAP1 (check) inactive
- starvation: AMPK inhibits mTOR, leaving ULK1 & DAP active
QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT
SOLUTIONS
⩥ cancer cachexia activates what to contribute to muscle atrophy?
Answer: eIF2 kinases
⩥ lack of essential AA's affects which stage of protein synthesis?
Answer: translational initiation
⩥ three subunits of AMPK and their binding sites? Answer: alpha -
complex formation, beta
beta - carbs, alpha, gamma
gamma - beta, AMP/ATP
⩥ LKB I Answer: primary AMPK kinase; may involve sirtuins
⩥ CaMKKβ (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β)
Answer: activates AMPK in response to Ca2+ concentrations,
independent of any AMP/ATP ratio
, ⩥ AMPK function? inhibits what via? Answer: switching on alternate
catabolic pathways that make ATP, switching off ATP consuming
processes; inhibits mTOR via TSC 1/2
⩥ AMPK and ACC Answer: - AMPK phosphorylates/inhibits ACC >
less malonyl coA
- malonyl CoA inhibits CPT I, the rate limiting step for entry of LCFAs
into mitochondria for oxidation
- less malonyl CoA > increase FFA oxidation
⩥ AMPK and diabetes Answer: diabetes associated with AMPK
suppression; metformin (anti-diabetic drug) activates AMPK properly
⩥ natural activators of AMPK (2) Answer: berberine - plant alkaloid
EGCG - green tea
⩥ Wolffe Parkinson-White syndrome Answer: hereditary heart disease
where mutation in gamma subunit of AMPK prevents activation >
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
⩥ regulation of macroautophagy? Answer: - mTOR keeps ULK1
(necessary for autophagosome formation) and DAP1 (check) inactive
- starvation: AMPK inhibits mTOR, leaving ULK1 & DAP active
