NST 160 FINAL ASSESSMENT 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
⩥ What are two adipokines that have anti-diabetogenic effects? Answer:
Leptin (Stop eating hormone) and Adiponectin (FAO starter)
⩥ Which signaling pathway relates inflammation and Insulin
Resistance? And what drugs can be used to reduce the impacts of
inflammatory processes? How is this pathway activated and what are its
impacts. Answer: NF-kB, Salicylates can be used to reduce the impacts
(aspirin). Its actiavted by high fat diets and inflamation
⩥ What can cause ER stress leading to the activation of the unfolded
protein response pathway?. Answer: Accumulation of lipids in the er
membrane
⩥ What are the three major signaling molecules involved with the UPR
(unfolded protein response pathway). Answer: IRE1- main signaling
protein that leads to many cascades of ER stress. It will activate the
pathway involving JNK, XBP1, and NF-kB. All of these pathways work
to reduce ER stress. PERK- Main signaling protein that is involved in
stoping protein synthesis. It will phosphorylate eIF2 which will stop the
formation of the 43s complex and therefor inhibits protein synthesis.
This will also stimulate NF-kB. The third signaling molecule is AFT6.
This is activated by ER stress and activates ER stress responses.
,⩥ What does IRE1 do? What does it do specific to insulin resistance?.
Answer: It is the main upstream signaling cascade involved in the
response to ER stress. IRE1 activates XBP1 which then works to reduce
the amount of fat and cholesterol within the ER membrane. This works
to reduce Er stress and fat ratios. Specific to insulin resistance, it will
also activate JNK, which phosphorylates IRS1 to inhibit insulin
signaling. It will also signal to IKK which will then activate NF-kB and
⩥ What does PKR do in UPR. Answer: PKR (PERK) will phosphorylate
eIF2alpha . This stops the synthesis of cholesterol. PERK will activate
IKK which inhibits insulin action through a series of transcriptional
events mediated by NF-kB
⩥ What is TNF?. Answer: Its a inflammatory signaling protein. Its main
purpose is to increase inflammation during immune responses.
⩥ What is NF-kB. Answer: Protein complex that encodes for responses
to stress involved in many metabolic pathways that are involved in
cellular stress. Overactive NF-kB will cause an increase in inflammation
disrupting normal glucose processing and insulin signaling
⩥ What causes impared FFA oxidation during metabolic overload.
Answer: Increased Malonyl-CoA levels because of increased glucose
levels as well as reduced expression of oxidative enzymes
,⩥ What does the accumulation of TG, DAG and ceramide cause when in
the liver?. Answer: activation of ser kinases which phosphorylates IRS
leading to increased insulin resistance and a loss of GNG and
glycogenolysis.
⩥ What is Malonyl-CoA?. Answer: Its a coenzyme which helps in the
formation of FFAs. Increased when glucose levels are high and work to
convert metabolites into FFAs.
⩥ What are the impacts of metabolic overload on muscle cells?. Answer:
Unlike liver cells, chronic exposure to high lipid levels increase FFA
oxidation. This is great, but because of the stress downstream factors are
not available to convert to energy, so oxidative stress occurs in muscle
cells. It will also increase insulin resistance
⩥ What will beta cells do in response to toxic lipid accumulation and
what are the consequences?. Answer: Take in fatty acids which causes
them to fail.
⩥ What is the main proponent in Beta cell apoptosis?. Answer: Amyloid
fiber formation
⩥ What are the charactersitics of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT). Answer:
Generate Heat, Have endocrine functions, Limited amount, and there are
two types, Constitutive and recruitable, more mitochondira compared to
white adipose tissue
, ⩥ What conditions are optimal for the formation and utilization of BAT.
Answer: Cold weather, Proper nutrition, youth, proper bone density,
limited amount of WAT
⩥ How does BAT generate increased heat?. Answer: Through UCP1.
UCP1 turns fatty acid into heat rather than into ATP. Only BAt can
express UCP1.
⩥ How does BAT contriuble to TAG clearance?. Answer: Elevated
plasma especially in diabetic dyslipidemia, is a risk factor for CVD. Bat
helps in clearance thru converting TAGs and fatty acids into heat via
UCP1
⩥ What is PKA?. Answer: An enzyme whose activity largely depends on
cAMP. Its functions are to increase the production of energy. It will
stimulate glycolysis and inhibit glyogenisis. Active during fasting sates
⩥ What is cAMP?. Answer: An ATP derivative that is important for
secondary messaging within cells. Important regulator of metabolism.
Active during fasting states to initiate the starving response.
⩥ How does the BAT Signaling pathway work?. Answer: 1) Brain
senses cold and overfeeding which then stimulates the release of
norepinephrine
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
⩥ What are two adipokines that have anti-diabetogenic effects? Answer:
Leptin (Stop eating hormone) and Adiponectin (FAO starter)
⩥ Which signaling pathway relates inflammation and Insulin
Resistance? And what drugs can be used to reduce the impacts of
inflammatory processes? How is this pathway activated and what are its
impacts. Answer: NF-kB, Salicylates can be used to reduce the impacts
(aspirin). Its actiavted by high fat diets and inflamation
⩥ What can cause ER stress leading to the activation of the unfolded
protein response pathway?. Answer: Accumulation of lipids in the er
membrane
⩥ What are the three major signaling molecules involved with the UPR
(unfolded protein response pathway). Answer: IRE1- main signaling
protein that leads to many cascades of ER stress. It will activate the
pathway involving JNK, XBP1, and NF-kB. All of these pathways work
to reduce ER stress. PERK- Main signaling protein that is involved in
stoping protein synthesis. It will phosphorylate eIF2 which will stop the
formation of the 43s complex and therefor inhibits protein synthesis.
This will also stimulate NF-kB. The third signaling molecule is AFT6.
This is activated by ER stress and activates ER stress responses.
,⩥ What does IRE1 do? What does it do specific to insulin resistance?.
Answer: It is the main upstream signaling cascade involved in the
response to ER stress. IRE1 activates XBP1 which then works to reduce
the amount of fat and cholesterol within the ER membrane. This works
to reduce Er stress and fat ratios. Specific to insulin resistance, it will
also activate JNK, which phosphorylates IRS1 to inhibit insulin
signaling. It will also signal to IKK which will then activate NF-kB and
⩥ What does PKR do in UPR. Answer: PKR (PERK) will phosphorylate
eIF2alpha . This stops the synthesis of cholesterol. PERK will activate
IKK which inhibits insulin action through a series of transcriptional
events mediated by NF-kB
⩥ What is TNF?. Answer: Its a inflammatory signaling protein. Its main
purpose is to increase inflammation during immune responses.
⩥ What is NF-kB. Answer: Protein complex that encodes for responses
to stress involved in many metabolic pathways that are involved in
cellular stress. Overactive NF-kB will cause an increase in inflammation
disrupting normal glucose processing and insulin signaling
⩥ What causes impared FFA oxidation during metabolic overload.
Answer: Increased Malonyl-CoA levels because of increased glucose
levels as well as reduced expression of oxidative enzymes
,⩥ What does the accumulation of TG, DAG and ceramide cause when in
the liver?. Answer: activation of ser kinases which phosphorylates IRS
leading to increased insulin resistance and a loss of GNG and
glycogenolysis.
⩥ What is Malonyl-CoA?. Answer: Its a coenzyme which helps in the
formation of FFAs. Increased when glucose levels are high and work to
convert metabolites into FFAs.
⩥ What are the impacts of metabolic overload on muscle cells?. Answer:
Unlike liver cells, chronic exposure to high lipid levels increase FFA
oxidation. This is great, but because of the stress downstream factors are
not available to convert to energy, so oxidative stress occurs in muscle
cells. It will also increase insulin resistance
⩥ What will beta cells do in response to toxic lipid accumulation and
what are the consequences?. Answer: Take in fatty acids which causes
them to fail.
⩥ What is the main proponent in Beta cell apoptosis?. Answer: Amyloid
fiber formation
⩥ What are the charactersitics of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT). Answer:
Generate Heat, Have endocrine functions, Limited amount, and there are
two types, Constitutive and recruitable, more mitochondira compared to
white adipose tissue
, ⩥ What conditions are optimal for the formation and utilization of BAT.
Answer: Cold weather, Proper nutrition, youth, proper bone density,
limited amount of WAT
⩥ How does BAT generate increased heat?. Answer: Through UCP1.
UCP1 turns fatty acid into heat rather than into ATP. Only BAt can
express UCP1.
⩥ How does BAT contriuble to TAG clearance?. Answer: Elevated
plasma especially in diabetic dyslipidemia, is a risk factor for CVD. Bat
helps in clearance thru converting TAGs and fatty acids into heat via
UCP1
⩥ What is PKA?. Answer: An enzyme whose activity largely depends on
cAMP. Its functions are to increase the production of energy. It will
stimulate glycolysis and inhibit glyogenisis. Active during fasting sates
⩥ What is cAMP?. Answer: An ATP derivative that is important for
secondary messaging within cells. Important regulator of metabolism.
Active during fasting states to initiate the starving response.
⩥ How does the BAT Signaling pathway work?. Answer: 1) Brain
senses cold and overfeeding which then stimulates the release of
norepinephrine
