PATH 1000 MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Nociceptive Pain - Answers -pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by mechanical,
thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold - Answers -lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance - Answers -greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain - Answers -protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an actual
or impending tissue injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain - Answers -occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain - Answers -pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities associated
with nausea, vomiting and restlessness
Referred Pain - Answers -occurs in an area distant from the point of region
- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain) - Answers -pain lasting longer than 3 months and may
be persistent. Onset can be sudden or develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
Neuralgia - Answers -pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain - Answers -pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous
system
Phantom Limb Pain - Answers -neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain - Answers -pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles
due to injury and spams (chronic condition)
,Thermoregulation - Answers -process that allows your body to maintain its core internal
temperature mediated by the hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation? - Answers -- Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss - Answers -- Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to a
cooler environment
Mechanism of Heat Conservation - Answers -- Vasoconstriction by sympathetic
nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever - Answers -temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants? - Answers -- Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia - Answers -increased body temperature without hypothalamus trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Heat Cramps - Answers -heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large amount
of salt and water through exercise
Heat Exhaustion - Answers -result of body overheating
, - S/S: dizziness, headache, heat sweating, paleness, muscle cramps
Heat Stroke - Answers -severe heat illness that results in a body temperature greater
than 130°F
- S/S: throbbing headache, unconsciousness, confusion, rapid/strong pulse, red/hot/dry
skin (no sweating)
Hypothermia - Answers -core body temperature falls below 35°C
- Causes:
• Prolonged cold exposure → vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, ischemic
damage
- Clinical Manifestations:
• Shivering, increased risk of coagulation, ice crystals form in cells causing them to
rupture and die
Stages of Sleep - Answers -- Non Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM)
1. Stage 1: your eyes are closed, but easy to wake you up. Lasts for 5-10 minutes
2. Stage 2: you are in light sleep. Heart rate slows and body temperature drops. Body
prepares for deep sleep
3. Stage 3: deep sleep stage. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and
muscle, and strengthens immune system
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM): happens 90 minutes after you fall asleep. Heart rate and
breathing quickens. Intense dreams occur due to hyperactive brain
Insomia - Answers -(sleeplessness) difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Day time sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and depressed mood
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) - Answers -serious sleep disorder where it
causes breathing to repeatedly stops and start during sleep
Shift Work Sleep Disorder - Answers -trouble sleeping due to working nights or rotating
shifts. May also have trouble staying awake or alert during work
Restless Leg Syndrome - Answers -uncontrollable urge to move your legs due to an
uncomfortable sensation
Cataract - Answers -opaqueness of the ocular lens/thickening of lens due to changes in
the lens proteins
- S/S: decreased visual acuity, blurred vision and decreased color perception
Glaucoma - Answers -vision loss due to damage of the optic nerve resulting in
increased pressure within the eye (interocular pressure - IOP). Affects peripheral Vision
Nociceptive Pain - Answers -pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by mechanical,
thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold - Answers -lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance - Answers -greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain - Answers -protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an actual
or impending tissue injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain - Answers -occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain - Answers -pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities associated
with nausea, vomiting and restlessness
Referred Pain - Answers -occurs in an area distant from the point of region
- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain) - Answers -pain lasting longer than 3 months and may
be persistent. Onset can be sudden or develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
Neuralgia - Answers -pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain - Answers -pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous
system
Phantom Limb Pain - Answers -neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain - Answers -pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles
due to injury and spams (chronic condition)
,Thermoregulation - Answers -process that allows your body to maintain its core internal
temperature mediated by the hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation? - Answers -- Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss - Answers -- Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to a
cooler environment
Mechanism of Heat Conservation - Answers -- Vasoconstriction by sympathetic
nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever - Answers -temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants? - Answers -- Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia - Answers -increased body temperature without hypothalamus trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Heat Cramps - Answers -heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large amount
of salt and water through exercise
Heat Exhaustion - Answers -result of body overheating
, - S/S: dizziness, headache, heat sweating, paleness, muscle cramps
Heat Stroke - Answers -severe heat illness that results in a body temperature greater
than 130°F
- S/S: throbbing headache, unconsciousness, confusion, rapid/strong pulse, red/hot/dry
skin (no sweating)
Hypothermia - Answers -core body temperature falls below 35°C
- Causes:
• Prolonged cold exposure → vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, ischemic
damage
- Clinical Manifestations:
• Shivering, increased risk of coagulation, ice crystals form in cells causing them to
rupture and die
Stages of Sleep - Answers -- Non Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM)
1. Stage 1: your eyes are closed, but easy to wake you up. Lasts for 5-10 minutes
2. Stage 2: you are in light sleep. Heart rate slows and body temperature drops. Body
prepares for deep sleep
3. Stage 3: deep sleep stage. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and
muscle, and strengthens immune system
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM): happens 90 minutes after you fall asleep. Heart rate and
breathing quickens. Intense dreams occur due to hyperactive brain
Insomia - Answers -(sleeplessness) difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Day time sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and depressed mood
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) - Answers -serious sleep disorder where it
causes breathing to repeatedly stops and start during sleep
Shift Work Sleep Disorder - Answers -trouble sleeping due to working nights or rotating
shifts. May also have trouble staying awake or alert during work
Restless Leg Syndrome - Answers -uncontrollable urge to move your legs due to an
uncomfortable sensation
Cataract - Answers -opaqueness of the ocular lens/thickening of lens due to changes in
the lens proteins
- S/S: decreased visual acuity, blurred vision and decreased color perception
Glaucoma - Answers -vision loss due to damage of the optic nerve resulting in
increased pressure within the eye (interocular pressure - IOP). Affects peripheral Vision
