NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 RASMUSSEN PROFESSOR SHAUN
WALKER VERIFIED QUESTIONS ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Na - Sodium Answer: 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry
mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema,
headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle
weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and
sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability,
agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
◉ K - Potassium Answer: o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps,
weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram
changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation,
ileus, and cardiac arrest|
,Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis,
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest,
respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea
◉ Mg - Magnesium Answer: .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as
hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
◉ Ca - Calcium Answer: 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality
changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor,
coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal
calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased
bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue,
lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle
spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
◉ P - Phosphorus Answer: .5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression,
,irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes,
tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel
sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's
signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy,
stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes,
anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
◉ Function of ribosomes Answer: Synthesizes proteins
◉ · Hypervolemia Answer: Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
◉ · Hypovolemia Answer: Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
◉ · Homeostasis Answer: State of balance - reached by positive and
negative feedback - self regulated
◉ · How does a vaccine provide immunity? Answer: Active immunity -
antigen exposure
◉ · Active immunity Answer: Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds
immunity through exposure
, ◉ · Passive immunity Answer: Receiving antibodies from external
source - breastfeeding
◉ · identify examples of malignant cells Answer: Rapid growing,
metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
◉ · Assessment findings for localized inflammation Answer: Destroyed
tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
◉ o Type I: IgE mediated Answer: Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
◉ o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Blood
transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
◉ o Type III: immune complex-mediated Answer: Autoimmune
conditions - Lupus
◉ o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Tuberculin skin
testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
◉ · What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic
reaction? Answer: Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
EXAM 1 2026 RASMUSSEN PROFESSOR SHAUN
WALKER VERIFIED QUESTIONS ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Na - Sodium Answer: 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry
mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema,
headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle
weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and
sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability,
agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
◉ K - Potassium Answer: o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps,
weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram
changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation,
ileus, and cardiac arrest|
,Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis,
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest,
respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea
◉ Mg - Magnesium Answer: .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as
hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
◉ Ca - Calcium Answer: 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality
changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor,
coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal
calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased
bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue,
lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle
spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
◉ P - Phosphorus Answer: .5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression,
,irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes,
tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel
sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's
signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes,
personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy,
stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes,
anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
◉ Function of ribosomes Answer: Synthesizes proteins
◉ · Hypervolemia Answer: Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
◉ · Hypovolemia Answer: Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
◉ · Homeostasis Answer: State of balance - reached by positive and
negative feedback - self regulated
◉ · How does a vaccine provide immunity? Answer: Active immunity -
antigen exposure
◉ · Active immunity Answer: Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds
immunity through exposure
, ◉ · Passive immunity Answer: Receiving antibodies from external
source - breastfeeding
◉ · identify examples of malignant cells Answer: Rapid growing,
metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
◉ · Assessment findings for localized inflammation Answer: Destroyed
tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
◉ o Type I: IgE mediated Answer: Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
◉ o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Blood
transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
◉ o Type III: immune complex-mediated Answer: Autoimmune
conditions - Lupus
◉ o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction Answer: Tuberculin skin
testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
◉ · What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic
reaction? Answer: Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
