NUR 2243 EXAMPREP 2026 FULLY SOLVED
EDITION WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉What are the possible causes for the 2+ pitting edema in someone with
CKD? Answer: Hypoalbuminemia, water retention from renal failure
◉Why would a patient with CKD have a decrease in hemoglobin?
Answer: The patient's kidneys are no longer able to produce
erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
◉What are the indications for someone with CKD to need dialysis?
Answer: electrolyte imbalances, volume overload, dialyzable toxins,
uremia
◉Renal Excretion Regulators Answer: These are the key hormones that
control what the kidneys do with water, sodium (Na⁺), and potassium
(K⁺).
◉what does the renal excretion regulator Aldosterone do? Answer:
(think: "salt + water saver, potassium pusher")
Reabsorbs sodium (Na⁺) and water (H₂O) from the renal tubules back
into the blood. → This increases blood volume and raises blood
pressure.
,Regulates plasma potassium (K⁺): While Na⁺ is saved, K⁺ is excreted
into the urine. (So ↑ aldosterone → ↓ potassium in blood).
◉where does aldosterone come from? Answer: Adrenal cortex (part of
RAAS - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
◉what does the renal excretion regulator Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
a.k.a. "Don't Pee Hormone" do? Answer: ADH makes the kidneys
reabsorb water only (not sodium).
The result: less urine output, more concentrated urine, more water in the
blood.
"Less is MORE" = Less pee means more fluid in your body → ↑ blood
pressure, ↓ serum osmolality.
◉foods with Potassium (K⁺): Answer: bananas, oranges, potatoes,
spinach, beans, tomatoes.
◉foods with Calcium (Ca²⁺): Answer: dairy, green leafy vegetables,
fortified foods.
◉foods with Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Answer: nuts, whole grains, green
vegetables.
◉foods with Sodium (Na⁺): Answer: processed foods, canned soups,
fast foods.
,◉what is a renal diet? Answer: Protect kidney function
Reduce buildup of waste (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, fluids)
Prevent complications like hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, fluid
overload, and hypertension
◉main components of a renal diet: Answer: Protein (moderate, not
high)
Lean chicken, fish, eggs, yogurt
Red/processed meats
Sodium (low)
Fresh fruits/veggies, herbs, unsalted pasta/rice
Processed, canned, fast food, deli meats
Potassium (limit if high)
Apples, grapes, berries, cucumbers, white bread/rice
Bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, avocados
Phosphorus (limit if high)
Fresh fruits/veggies, white rice, corn/rice cereal
Dairy, nuts, beans, dark soda, whole grains
Fluids (restricted if overloaded/dialysis)
Track all intake (water, soup, ice, coffee, jello)
, Excess fluids, salty foods that increase thirst
◉why is oral intake for electrolyte replacement best? Answer: it is
safer, slower, and more physiologic (body absorbs at its own pace, less
risk of sudden imbalance).
◉electrolytes and the body system it most affects:
Na⁺
K⁺
Ca²⁺ & Mg²⁺ Answer: Brain
Heart
Nerves & Muscles
◉What is CKD / ESKD? Answer: Progressive and irreversible loss of
kidney function.
Leads to buildup of waste products in blood:
Azotemia = ↑ nitrogenous wastes (BUN, creatinine).
Uremia = azotemia + symptoms (fatigue, nausea, confusion, pruritus,
edema).
◉Uremic syndrome Answer: patients "feel like crap": fatigue, anorexia,
nausea/vomiting, itching, confusion, pericarditis.
EDITION WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉What are the possible causes for the 2+ pitting edema in someone with
CKD? Answer: Hypoalbuminemia, water retention from renal failure
◉Why would a patient with CKD have a decrease in hemoglobin?
Answer: The patient's kidneys are no longer able to produce
erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells
◉What are the indications for someone with CKD to need dialysis?
Answer: electrolyte imbalances, volume overload, dialyzable toxins,
uremia
◉Renal Excretion Regulators Answer: These are the key hormones that
control what the kidneys do with water, sodium (Na⁺), and potassium
(K⁺).
◉what does the renal excretion regulator Aldosterone do? Answer:
(think: "salt + water saver, potassium pusher")
Reabsorbs sodium (Na⁺) and water (H₂O) from the renal tubules back
into the blood. → This increases blood volume and raises blood
pressure.
,Regulates plasma potassium (K⁺): While Na⁺ is saved, K⁺ is excreted
into the urine. (So ↑ aldosterone → ↓ potassium in blood).
◉where does aldosterone come from? Answer: Adrenal cortex (part of
RAAS - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
◉what does the renal excretion regulator Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
a.k.a. "Don't Pee Hormone" do? Answer: ADH makes the kidneys
reabsorb water only (not sodium).
The result: less urine output, more concentrated urine, more water in the
blood.
"Less is MORE" = Less pee means more fluid in your body → ↑ blood
pressure, ↓ serum osmolality.
◉foods with Potassium (K⁺): Answer: bananas, oranges, potatoes,
spinach, beans, tomatoes.
◉foods with Calcium (Ca²⁺): Answer: dairy, green leafy vegetables,
fortified foods.
◉foods with Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Answer: nuts, whole grains, green
vegetables.
◉foods with Sodium (Na⁺): Answer: processed foods, canned soups,
fast foods.
,◉what is a renal diet? Answer: Protect kidney function
Reduce buildup of waste (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, fluids)
Prevent complications like hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, fluid
overload, and hypertension
◉main components of a renal diet: Answer: Protein (moderate, not
high)
Lean chicken, fish, eggs, yogurt
Red/processed meats
Sodium (low)
Fresh fruits/veggies, herbs, unsalted pasta/rice
Processed, canned, fast food, deli meats
Potassium (limit if high)
Apples, grapes, berries, cucumbers, white bread/rice
Bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, avocados
Phosphorus (limit if high)
Fresh fruits/veggies, white rice, corn/rice cereal
Dairy, nuts, beans, dark soda, whole grains
Fluids (restricted if overloaded/dialysis)
Track all intake (water, soup, ice, coffee, jello)
, Excess fluids, salty foods that increase thirst
◉why is oral intake for electrolyte replacement best? Answer: it is
safer, slower, and more physiologic (body absorbs at its own pace, less
risk of sudden imbalance).
◉electrolytes and the body system it most affects:
Na⁺
K⁺
Ca²⁺ & Mg²⁺ Answer: Brain
Heart
Nerves & Muscles
◉What is CKD / ESKD? Answer: Progressive and irreversible loss of
kidney function.
Leads to buildup of waste products in blood:
Azotemia = ↑ nitrogenous wastes (BUN, creatinine).
Uremia = azotemia + symptoms (fatigue, nausea, confusion, pruritus,
edema).
◉Uremic syndrome Answer: patients "feel like crap": fatigue, anorexia,
nausea/vomiting, itching, confusion, pericarditis.
