Comprehensive Internal Medicine Review: Acute Stroke Evaluation, Neurocutaneous Syndromes, HIV and Opportunistic Infections, Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management, Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary Hypertension, Lymphadenopathy Assessment, and Peripher

Comprehensive Internal Medicine Review: Acute Stroke Evaluation, Neurocutaneous Syndromes, HIV and Opportunistic Infections, Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management, Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary Hypertension, Lymphadenopathy Assessment, and Peripheral Vascular Disorders Questions Complete with Verified Rationales Latest Updated 2026 CT of the head without contrast What imaging should be done immediately to rule out an acute hemorrhagic stroke? Hyperosmolar Therapy _______________________ therapy is the mainstay of emergency medical treatment of intracranial hypertension Lumbar Puncture a. If the clinical suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage remains strong even though initial CT was negative, _______________________ is mandatory. Bevacizumab -monoclonal antibody to VEGF -assoc with high response rate in recurrent glioblastoma Li-Fraumeni Syndrome -TP53 gene -autosomal dominant -assoc with brain tumors, sarcomas, breast cancer, and adrenal carcinomas -treat the individual cancers as they appear Neurofibromatosis -NF1 gene -bilateral acoustic schwannomas -Juvenile Cataracts -Meningiomas -Ependymomas Turcot syndrome -APC gene -brain cancer and adenomatous colon polyps Tuberous Sclerosis -TSC1 or TSC2 genes -autosomal dominant -hamartomas in CNS and skin -angiofibromas -mitral regurgitation -ash-leaf spots -cardiac rhabdomyomas -angiomyolipoma -mental retardation -seizures -shagreen patches Tuberous Sclerosis -round and sharply demarcated with smooth walls -no echoes within cyst -strong posterior wall echo Describe what a cyst looks like on ultrasound VHL -autosomal dominant -hemangioblastomas -angiomatosis -renal cell carcinoma -pheochromocytomas Cervical _________________ lymphadenopathy: infections of upper respiratory tract (mononucleosis, viral syndromes, and bacterial pharyngitis) Unilateral Axillary, Inguinal, or Femoral ________________ Adenopathy: skin infection involving the extremity (e.g. cat scratch fever) Generalized ________________ Lymphadenopathy: systemic infections (HIV, CMV), drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, or a systemic lymphadenopathy syndrome Right Supraclavicular Node Lymph node assoc with lung, retroperitoneal, and GI cancer Stemmer Sign -thickened skin fold at the base of the 2nd toe or 2nd finger -inability to lif the skin of the affected limb compared with the contralateral limb Loop Diuretic treatment of edema due to cardiac or renal disease Spironolactone (K sparing) treatment of edema due to liver disease Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) -increases with age -intermittent claudication that is reproducible -worsens with exertion -relieved by rest -ischemia -absent or weakened pulse -cold, painful limbs Chronic Venous Insufficiency -generalized or localized pain -LE discomfort or cramping -limb swelling -worse with standing, relieved by walking or elevating legs -hemosiderin deposits causes discoloration of skin -exercise therapy -Cilostazol, vasodilators -Revascularization