NUR 283 Pathophysiology Study Guide Exam 1 2026

NUR 283 Pathophysiology Study Guide Exam 1 2026 Etiology - -Cause of particular disease on microscopic level Pathogenesis - -Story of how disease develops Atrophy - -Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue mass Hypertrophy - -Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass Hyperplasia - -Increased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass Metaplasia - -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia Dysplasia - -Cells are different looking varying in size and shape Neoplasia - -New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or benign Apoptosis - -Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the body Ischemia - -Deficit of oxygen in the cells Hypoxia - -Reduced oxygen in the tissues Iatrogenic - -illness or disease process because a medical process was done ex: CAUTI Autosomal Recessive Disorders - -Has to have two recessive genes to have disease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay Sachs Cystic fibrosis - -autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous secretions PKU (phenylketonuria) - -autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation. Pt must follow strict very low protein diet Tay-Sachs - -autosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord NURS 283 Autosomal Dominant Disorders - -Only takes one gene for disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia Marfan Syndrome - -Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities, congenital heart defects Huntington's Disease - -Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements Familial Hypercholesterolemia - -Autosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol X-Linked Disorders - -Disorder carried on the x chromosome Recessive X-Linked Disorders - -Color blindness, more prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not color blind only carrier. Chromosomal Disorder - -not inherited, theres a problem on the chromosome Types of Chromosomal Disorders - -Down's Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome Down's Syndrome - -Trisomy 21 Turner Syndrome - -Only affects females, short stature, infertility, XO Klinefelter Syndrome - -Only affects males, develop breasts and small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY Intracellular Fluid - -Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body water Extracellular Fluid - -Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood), CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities) Hydrostatic Pressure - -Push, typically happens at the arterial level Osmotic Pressure - -Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever the waste needs to be eliminated from the body Isotonic Solutions - -Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS Hypotonic Solutions - -Less solute so its less concentrated, only a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS) Give this to dehydrated pt NURS 283 Hypertonic Solutions - -More solute, so its more concentrated, lots of pepper flakes, 3.0 5.0% NaCl Give this to cerebral edema pt Na+ Normal Range - -135-145 mEq/L K+ Normal Range - -3.5-5.0 mEq/L Cl- Normal Range - -98-106 mEq/L Ca2+ Normal Range - -8.5-10.5 mEq/L Mg2+ Normal Range - -1.4-2.1 mEq/L Hyponatremia - -Low sodium due to rapid dehydration Hypernatremia - -High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough Hypokalemia - -Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg cramping, decreased bowel sounds Hyperkalemia - -High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds Hypocalcemia - -weak bones and teeth, severe muscle cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough calcium or vitamin D Hypercalcemia - -lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates hypomagnecemia - -tremors, tachycardia, confusion hypermagnecemia - -vasodialation, nausea, emesis, hypotensive, cardiac arrest Blood pH - -7.35-7.45 Co2 normal range - -45-35 HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range - -22-26 Blood pH less than 7.35 - -metabolic or respiratory acidosis Blood pH more than 7.45 - -metabolic or respiratory alkalosis NURS 283 respiratory acidosis - -Co2 greater than 45, caused by pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries respiratory alkalosis - -Co2 lower than 35, caused by panic attacks, hyperventilation metabolic acidosis - -HCO3- less than 22, DKA metabolic alkalosis - -HCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis Nonspecific or Innate Immunity - -1st and 2nd lines of defense Specific or Adaptive Immunity - -3rd line of defense 1st line of defense - -Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia 2nd line of defense - -Inflammation and Phagocytosis 3rd line of defense - -B-Cells and T-Cells Cycle of Infection - -Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B B-Cells - -Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember antigen(pathogen) T-Cells - -born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-mediated response T-Killer Cells - -Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected Helper T-Cells - -Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs adaptive immunity response in what to do IgG - -Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them! IgM - -first at the scene, IMMediate response IgA - -spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk, saliva, tears IgE - -AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine IgD - -attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do Active Immunity - -activates the immune system