NURS 283 Pathophysiology Study Guide Final Exam Questions and Answers Exam 2026

NURS 283 Pathophysiology Study Guide Final Exam Questions and Answers Exam 2026 What is osteoporosis? - Correct Ans-complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - Correct Ans-white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? - Correct Ans-silent until fractures occur, back pain What are patients at risk for with osteoporosis? - Correct Ans-fractures What is the health promotion for osteoporosis? - Correct Ans-active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supplements What is the pathology of osteoporosis? - Correct Ans--Bone remodeling -increased bone re absorption -decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones -fractures. -Increased osteoclast activity -decreased osteoblast activity. What is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis? - Correct Ans--chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease -exaggerated immune response -neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and bone then T-cells -fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue -inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints What are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - Correct Ans-inflammation, fever, weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint. What is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - Correct Ans systemic symptoms Ex.) Fever Osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma NURS 283 Rheumatoid: Autoimmune What is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk? - Correct Ans-a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most common in children due to child abuse What does RICE stand for in regards to injury? - Correct Ans-Rest Ice Compression Elevate What do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body? - Correct Ans Decrease pain threshold=increased pain sensation Ex.) Sun burn What does seranin and GABA do for the body? - Correct Ans-reduce translation of pain Ex) labor What do endorphins do for the body? - Correct Ans-prevent transmission of pain signals Ex.) Exercise What pathway of pain is Efferent? - Correct Ans-CNS to PNS What to do with the pain What pathway of pain is Afferent? - Correct Ans-PNS to CNS Processed by the brain What is pain tolerance? - Correct Ans-amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli What is pain threshold? - Correct Ans-*same for everyone* Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain What is pain perception? - Correct Ans-brain interprets the signal What is the role of pain transmission? - Correct Ans-signal goes to the CNS What is the role of pain transduction? - Correct Ans-nociceptors pick up pain signals What is the role of nociceptors? - Correct Ans-transmits pain What are neurotransmitters? - Correct Ans-chemicals the nervous system use to communicate What is modulation of pain? - Correct Ans-increased or decreased transmissions of pain signals (manages pain) NURS 283 What is neuropathic pain? - Correct Ans-dysfunction of the nervous system? Ex.) Fibromyalgia What is referred pain? - Correct Ans-pain where the real issue is NOT located Ex) heart attack, left shoulder Where is visceral pain located? - Correct Ans-internal organs Where is somatic pain located? - Correct Ans-skin, muscles, and joints What is chronic pain? - Correct Ans-pain lasting longer than 6 months, nonprotective What is acute pain? - Correct Ans-pain lasting less than 3 months, protective What is a seizure? - Correct Ans-massive firing of neurons at once What risk factors and causes of seizures? - Correct Ans-metabolic, congenital, genetic, perinatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse What is the preictal phase of a seizure? - Correct Ans-Aura-visual/auditory sensation right before seizure (minutes before seizure) Prodromal- nausea, irritablity, muscle twitching (hours before seizure) What is the ictal phase of a seizure? (actual seizure) - Correct Ans-Tonic- muscle contraction, increased rigidity, tight jaw, lose conciousness Clonic- contraction/relaxation, jerking movements, increased salvation What is the postictal phase of a seizure? - Correct Ans-aching muscles, confusion, fatigue How can seizures be life threatening? - Correct Ans-aspiration, trauma, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia What are the two types of stroke? - Correct Ans-Ischemic and hemorrhagic What type of ischemic strokes are there? - Correct Ans-Thrombic and embolic What is a ischemic-thrombic stroke? - Correct Ans-occlusion forms in the brain caused by atherosclerosis. What causes atherosclerosis? - Correct Ans-HTN, DM, Increased LDL, decreeased HDL, and smoking What is a Ischemic-embolic stroke? - Correct Ans-clot travels from a different location NURS 283 What causes a clot to travel to the brain? - Correct Ans-**A-fib**, arrhythmias, thrombocythemia (too many platelets), and electrolyte imbalance (K+) What causes a hemorrhagic stroke? (CVA) - Correct Ans-ruptured blood vessel is the leading cause **least common type of CVA** What causes vessels to rupture? - Correct Ans-Trauma, HTN, drugs (cocaine), aneurysm, coagulant disorder What are complications of a CVA? - Correct Ans-paralysis, sensory loss, language disorder, reflex changes, aphasia, and dysphagia What are the risk factors for a CVA? - Correct Ans-aging, HTN, smoking, DM, polycthemia, thrombocythemia, dislipidemia, CVD, disrhythmia chlamydia, drugs. What does the acronym F.A.S.T stand for in regards to a CVA? - Correct Ans-F=Face (is there facial drooping?) A=Arms (does one arm drift down?) S=Speech (does it sound strange?) T=Time (Call 9-1-1) In the endocrine system what does the negative feedback loop do? - Correct Ans regulates the release of hormones Ex) glucose increases, insulin increases...glucose decreases, insulin decreases as well. What causes alterations in the endocrine function? - Correct Ans-**tumor**, target cell resistance, congenital defects, autoimmune disease (type I), infection (viral), and vascular diseases. What does TSH do? - Correct Ans-stimulates thyroid gland to release What does T3/T4 do? - Correct Ans-increases the metabolic rate in the cells What is the role of insulin? - Correct Ans-transport glucose and other substances into the cells What is the role of parathyroid hormone? - Correct Ans-increases blood Carbonic Anhydrase 2 (ca2) levels by stimulating demineralization and increasing absorption of ca2 in the digestive tract and kidneys What does SIADH stand for? - Correct Ans-syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone What is the definition of SIADH? - Correct Ans-increased levels of ADH NURS 283 What causes SIADH? - Correct Ans-tumor, pulmonary disorder, surgery, meds What are the symptoms of SIADH? - Correct Ans-confusion, thirst, fatigue, muscle twitching, anorexia, nausea/vomiting What is diabetes insipidus? - Correct Ans-decreased levels of ADH