ANSWERS|LATEST !!!!2026|GRADED A+| (EXAM
Parent matieral - ANSWER soil bedrock or base material from which a soil develops
Ideal soil composition - ANSWER 45% minerals (varying size fractions of
sand/silt/clay)
5% organic matter
25% water-pore space
25% air-pore space
Horizons def - ANSWER Visible layers of soil oriented parallel to the soil surface.
Caused overtime by rainfall, leaching, heating and cooling, chemical reactions, biological
activities, and accumulation of different elements and materials
Soil Profile - ANSWER the nature, arrangement, depth and number of horizons
Organic Layer - ANSWER Layer of organic matter at the soil surface. The O horizon. It
consist of leaves, twigs, bark, and organisms known as litter litter layer.
5 major Horizons - ANSWER O-top horizon of profile a thin layer of decomposing
organic material aka the organic layer
A- 2nd from top; dark color
E-3rd from top; when exist its composed of lighter in color and lack organic material found in
A.
1
, B- 4th from top- a zone of accumulation of materials leached from the surface mixed with
soil particles from the lower parent material
C-deepest layer; compared of partially weather parent material
A Horizon - ANSWER A- 2nd from top; contains most of the fine absorbing roots of
tree and is very biologically active. Primarily Composed of inorganic material (sand, silt
and/or clay). Rich in organic matter dark in color.
Topsoil - ANSWER O,A,E,B horizons of soil
E Horizon - ANSWER when exist its between A and B horizons and its lighter in color
than A and lacks organic material found in A.
B Horizon - ANSWER occurs below the A horizon (or E if present); the deepest layer
of the top soil. Its a mixture of materials from the top layers and particles from the lower
parent material.
C horizon - ANSWER the deepest soil layer, consisting mainly of lightly weathered
parent material
Aggregates - ANSWER soil particles (sand silt clay) that are grouped together form
aggregates. Aggregates improve soil structure.
Soil texture - ANSWER The relative fineness or coarseness of the inorganic, mineral
soil particles; specifically the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
Sand characteristics - ANSWER particles are relatively large, resulting in coarser
textured soils
More likely for more macropores. Little electrical charge.
Low water holding capacity
2
Parent matieral - ANSWER soil bedrock or base material from which a soil develops
Ideal soil composition - ANSWER 45% minerals (varying size fractions of
sand/silt/clay)
5% organic matter
25% water-pore space
25% air-pore space
Horizons def - ANSWER Visible layers of soil oriented parallel to the soil surface.
Caused overtime by rainfall, leaching, heating and cooling, chemical reactions, biological
activities, and accumulation of different elements and materials
Soil Profile - ANSWER the nature, arrangement, depth and number of horizons
Organic Layer - ANSWER Layer of organic matter at the soil surface. The O horizon. It
consist of leaves, twigs, bark, and organisms known as litter litter layer.
5 major Horizons - ANSWER O-top horizon of profile a thin layer of decomposing
organic material aka the organic layer
A- 2nd from top; dark color
E-3rd from top; when exist its composed of lighter in color and lack organic material found in
A.
1
, B- 4th from top- a zone of accumulation of materials leached from the surface mixed with
soil particles from the lower parent material
C-deepest layer; compared of partially weather parent material
A Horizon - ANSWER A- 2nd from top; contains most of the fine absorbing roots of
tree and is very biologically active. Primarily Composed of inorganic material (sand, silt
and/or clay). Rich in organic matter dark in color.
Topsoil - ANSWER O,A,E,B horizons of soil
E Horizon - ANSWER when exist its between A and B horizons and its lighter in color
than A and lacks organic material found in A.
B Horizon - ANSWER occurs below the A horizon (or E if present); the deepest layer
of the top soil. Its a mixture of materials from the top layers and particles from the lower
parent material.
C horizon - ANSWER the deepest soil layer, consisting mainly of lightly weathered
parent material
Aggregates - ANSWER soil particles (sand silt clay) that are grouped together form
aggregates. Aggregates improve soil structure.
Soil texture - ANSWER The relative fineness or coarseness of the inorganic, mineral
soil particles; specifically the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
Sand characteristics - ANSWER particles are relatively large, resulting in coarser
textured soils
More likely for more macropores. Little electrical charge.
Low water holding capacity
2
