,Table of Content $d $d
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
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thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
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Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
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Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
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Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
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standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
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SNT
$d $d $ d $ d O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
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Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
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Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
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hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE $d
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
a. A single circular chromosome
$d $d $d
b. A nucleus $d
c. Free-floating nuclear material $d $d
d. No organelles $d
ANS: B $ d
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
REF: p. 2 $d $d
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption $d
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D $d
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
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tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
REF: p. 2 $d $d
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
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of the genetic information be contained?
d $d $d $d $d $d
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm $d
ANS: C $d
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
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c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
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binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
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is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
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uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
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REF: p. 2 $d $d
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
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Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
$d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
$d $d
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
$d $d $d $d $d
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
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Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
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standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
$d $d
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
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SNT
$d $d $ d $ d O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
$d $d
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
$d $d
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
$d $d
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
$d $d
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
$d $d
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
$d $d
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
$d $d
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
$d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
$d $d
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
$d $d
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
$d $d $d $d $d
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
$d $d
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
$d $d
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
$d $d
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
$d $d $d
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
$d $d $d $d $d $d
MULTIPLE CHOICE $d
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
a. A single circular chromosome
$d $d $d
b. A nucleus $d
c. Free-floating nuclear material $d $d
d. No organelles $d
ANS: B $ d
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
REF: p. 2 $d $d
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption $d
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D $d
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
REF: p. 2 $d $d
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $
of the genetic information be contained?
d $d $d $d $d $d
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm $d
ANS: C $d
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
$d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d $d
REF: p. 2 $d $d
