AS LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY AQA PAPER 1 EXAM
SCRIPT 2026 FULL SOLUTION PRACTICE
◉ 5 stages of minority influence. Answer: Consistency, Draw
attention to a cause or issue, Augmentation Principle, Snowball
Effect and Cognitive Conflict
◉ Drawing attention to a cause or issue. Answer: Minorities can
bring about social change by drawing the majorities attention.
◉ Cognitive conflict. Answer: Minority creates a conflict between
what majority group members currently believe and the position
advocated by the majority. Creating conflict/arguments or making
someone think twice about an issues.
◉ Consistency. Answer: Expressing arguments over time and
throughout a group regardless of the attitudes of those around them
◉ Augmentation principle. Answer: If a minority appears willing to
take risks or suffer for their cause/views then they are more likely to
be seen as committed and taken seriously
◉ Snowball effect. Answer: Relatively small effect (minority
influence), spread more widely and promoted more until it reaches a
,'tipping point' or climax at which it leads to a wide spread social
change.
◉ Evaluation of social influence in social change. Answer: Social
change through minority influence may be very gradual.
Being percieved as 'deviant' limits the influence of minorities
Social norms and the 'boomerang effect' - Schultz et al (2007)
◉ Schultz et al. Answer: 2007. Suggests an unwelcome problem with
social norms interventions. Although they are typically aimed at
people whose behaviour is less desirable than the norm, the
widespread nature of the approach mean those whose behaviour is
more desirable are also exposed. This means that even though the
approach aims to improve behaviour these individuals can
sometimes engage in less desirable behaviour.
◉ Attachment. Answer: An emotional bond between two people. It is
a two-way process that endures over time. It leads to certain
behaviours such as clinging and proximity seeking, and serves the
function of protecting an infant
◉ Caregiver. Answer: Any person who is providing care for a child,
such as a parent, grandparent, sibling, other family member,
childminder, etc.
,◉ Synchrony. Answer: When two (or more) things move in the same
pattern.
◉ Interactional synchrony. Answer: When two people interact they
tend to mirror what the other is dong in terms of facial and body
movements. This includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours.
◉ Reciprocity. Answer: Responding to the action of another with a
similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response
from the other partner. The responses are not necessarily similar as
in interactional synchrony.
◉ Meltzoff and Moore. Answer: Observational research into
interactional synchrony. Found that as young as two or three weeks
old imitated specific facial and hand gestures. Intra- and inter-
observer reliability tested. Video in order to overcome problems
with testing infant behaviour (general activity or specific imitation).
Increased validity as judge had no idea what was being imitated.
◉ Koepke et al. Answer: Failure to replicate the findings of Meltzoff
and Moore
◉ Multiple attachment. Answer: Having more than one attachment
figure
, ◉ Primary attachment figure. Answer: The person who has formed
the closest bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the
relationship.
◉ Separation anxiety. Answer: The distress shown by an infant when
separated from their caregiver.
◉ Stranger anxiety. Answer: The distress shown by and infant when
approached by or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
◉ Schaffer and Emerson. Answer: 1964. Conducted a study on the
development of attachments. Studies 60 infants from mainly
working-class homes in Glasgow. Visited every 4 weeks. Mother
asked to report on separation anxiety occurrence and intensity.
Stranger anxiety measured using interviewer. Came up with 4 stages
◉ Indiscriminate attachments. Answer: Schaffer and Emerson 1964
- Stage 1
Birth - 2 months
Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate)
◉ The beginnings of attachment. Answer: Schaffer and Emerson
1964 - Stage 2
4 months
SCRIPT 2026 FULL SOLUTION PRACTICE
◉ 5 stages of minority influence. Answer: Consistency, Draw
attention to a cause or issue, Augmentation Principle, Snowball
Effect and Cognitive Conflict
◉ Drawing attention to a cause or issue. Answer: Minorities can
bring about social change by drawing the majorities attention.
◉ Cognitive conflict. Answer: Minority creates a conflict between
what majority group members currently believe and the position
advocated by the majority. Creating conflict/arguments or making
someone think twice about an issues.
◉ Consistency. Answer: Expressing arguments over time and
throughout a group regardless of the attitudes of those around them
◉ Augmentation principle. Answer: If a minority appears willing to
take risks or suffer for their cause/views then they are more likely to
be seen as committed and taken seriously
◉ Snowball effect. Answer: Relatively small effect (minority
influence), spread more widely and promoted more until it reaches a
,'tipping point' or climax at which it leads to a wide spread social
change.
◉ Evaluation of social influence in social change. Answer: Social
change through minority influence may be very gradual.
Being percieved as 'deviant' limits the influence of minorities
Social norms and the 'boomerang effect' - Schultz et al (2007)
◉ Schultz et al. Answer: 2007. Suggests an unwelcome problem with
social norms interventions. Although they are typically aimed at
people whose behaviour is less desirable than the norm, the
widespread nature of the approach mean those whose behaviour is
more desirable are also exposed. This means that even though the
approach aims to improve behaviour these individuals can
sometimes engage in less desirable behaviour.
◉ Attachment. Answer: An emotional bond between two people. It is
a two-way process that endures over time. It leads to certain
behaviours such as clinging and proximity seeking, and serves the
function of protecting an infant
◉ Caregiver. Answer: Any person who is providing care for a child,
such as a parent, grandparent, sibling, other family member,
childminder, etc.
,◉ Synchrony. Answer: When two (or more) things move in the same
pattern.
◉ Interactional synchrony. Answer: When two people interact they
tend to mirror what the other is dong in terms of facial and body
movements. This includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours.
◉ Reciprocity. Answer: Responding to the action of another with a
similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response
from the other partner. The responses are not necessarily similar as
in interactional synchrony.
◉ Meltzoff and Moore. Answer: Observational research into
interactional synchrony. Found that as young as two or three weeks
old imitated specific facial and hand gestures. Intra- and inter-
observer reliability tested. Video in order to overcome problems
with testing infant behaviour (general activity or specific imitation).
Increased validity as judge had no idea what was being imitated.
◉ Koepke et al. Answer: Failure to replicate the findings of Meltzoff
and Moore
◉ Multiple attachment. Answer: Having more than one attachment
figure
, ◉ Primary attachment figure. Answer: The person who has formed
the closest bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the
relationship.
◉ Separation anxiety. Answer: The distress shown by an infant when
separated from their caregiver.
◉ Stranger anxiety. Answer: The distress shown by and infant when
approached by or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
◉ Schaffer and Emerson. Answer: 1964. Conducted a study on the
development of attachments. Studies 60 infants from mainly
working-class homes in Glasgow. Visited every 4 weeks. Mother
asked to report on separation anxiety occurrence and intensity.
Stranger anxiety measured using interviewer. Came up with 4 stages
◉ Indiscriminate attachments. Answer: Schaffer and Emerson 1964
- Stage 1
Birth - 2 months
Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate)
◉ The beginnings of attachment. Answer: Schaffer and Emerson
1964 - Stage 2
4 months
