Phil 183 Exam 1 Questions and
Correct Answers.
system 1 - Answer involuntary, automatic, quick rash decisions
system 2 - Answer thought, emotion, time
Priming - Answer implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the
response to another stimulus
Florida Effect - Answer set of words prime thought of old age
- thoughts prime a behavior of walking slowly, which is associated with old age
framing - Answer people react to or make a certain choice based on how it is presented to
them
75% lean vs 25% fat
anchoring - Answer cognitive bias that describes the tendency to rely too heavily on the first
piece of information given when making a decision
Halo Effect - Answer knowing something very good (or very bad) about a person creates
other judgements about the person
- a nice teacher is more attractive than a mean one
Representative Heuristic - Answer events are judged more likely to occur if they are similar
to the prototype of the event, even if they are less similar
- homoside is a more representative cause of death than suicide, where in reality suicide is
twice as likely
leads to conjunction errors and misrepresentations
pattern seeking - Answer we see and search for patterns in the world, even if there aren't
any
chances of seeing 7 7 7 7 7 is as likely as 7 8 6 2 7
, clustering illusion - Answer intuition that random events should cluster less than they really
do
random number sequences are more clustered than we believe --> HTHTHTHT vs HHTHTTTHTH
perception of causes - Answer system 1 - interprets causal interaction, over-generates causal
inferences
system 2 - goes from correlation to causation too easily
cognitive ease effect - Answer don't want to spend too much time exerting energy, it takes
more time to find tasks that will falsify information
Availability Heuristic - Answer judge the frequency or plausibility of a given type of event
based on how easily examples of the event come to mind
both spouses remember their own individual efforts and don't remember those of the other.
think they do more chores than husband
Availability cascades - Answer self-reinforcing cycle
an idea that usually explains complex process in a simple manner, other people also believe in
this idea, rising popularity triggers a chain reaction as more individuals adopt this idea because
other people within the network have adopted the idea and it seems plausible
Hasty generalization - Answer faulty generalization created by insufficient evidence
- concluding someone isn't friendly after one time of meeting them
law of large numbers - Answer sample values such as means and proportions come closer to
the actual values in the population the larger the sample is - THINK OF STATS
observational selection effect - Answer observations are not random samples, media bias
toward sensational news can lead to availability cascades (selection bias)
survivorship bias - Answer examples available to us are filtered by their survival of some
process and as a result we overlook those that are weeded out by the process
dont hear about people who have died from smoking, only hear about those who smoke and
have survived to 100
Correct Answers.
system 1 - Answer involuntary, automatic, quick rash decisions
system 2 - Answer thought, emotion, time
Priming - Answer implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the
response to another stimulus
Florida Effect - Answer set of words prime thought of old age
- thoughts prime a behavior of walking slowly, which is associated with old age
framing - Answer people react to or make a certain choice based on how it is presented to
them
75% lean vs 25% fat
anchoring - Answer cognitive bias that describes the tendency to rely too heavily on the first
piece of information given when making a decision
Halo Effect - Answer knowing something very good (or very bad) about a person creates
other judgements about the person
- a nice teacher is more attractive than a mean one
Representative Heuristic - Answer events are judged more likely to occur if they are similar
to the prototype of the event, even if they are less similar
- homoside is a more representative cause of death than suicide, where in reality suicide is
twice as likely
leads to conjunction errors and misrepresentations
pattern seeking - Answer we see and search for patterns in the world, even if there aren't
any
chances of seeing 7 7 7 7 7 is as likely as 7 8 6 2 7
, clustering illusion - Answer intuition that random events should cluster less than they really
do
random number sequences are more clustered than we believe --> HTHTHTHT vs HHTHTTTHTH
perception of causes - Answer system 1 - interprets causal interaction, over-generates causal
inferences
system 2 - goes from correlation to causation too easily
cognitive ease effect - Answer don't want to spend too much time exerting energy, it takes
more time to find tasks that will falsify information
Availability Heuristic - Answer judge the frequency or plausibility of a given type of event
based on how easily examples of the event come to mind
both spouses remember their own individual efforts and don't remember those of the other.
think they do more chores than husband
Availability cascades - Answer self-reinforcing cycle
an idea that usually explains complex process in a simple manner, other people also believe in
this idea, rising popularity triggers a chain reaction as more individuals adopt this idea because
other people within the network have adopted the idea and it seems plausible
Hasty generalization - Answer faulty generalization created by insufficient evidence
- concluding someone isn't friendly after one time of meeting them
law of large numbers - Answer sample values such as means and proportions come closer to
the actual values in the population the larger the sample is - THINK OF STATS
observational selection effect - Answer observations are not random samples, media bias
toward sensational news can lead to availability cascades (selection bias)
survivorship bias - Answer examples available to us are filtered by their survival of some
process and as a result we overlook those that are weeded out by the process
dont hear about people who have died from smoking, only hear about those who smoke and
have survived to 100
