MIC 205 EXAM 3 DAYDIF ASU STUDY GUIDE
Prion Characteristics - Answers -single protein, two stable tertiary structures, mammals
contain gene, excess PrP production or mutations in Prp gene, cause newly
synthesized cellular form to refold into prion form
Prion diseases - Answers -only destroyed by incineration
Drugs - Answers -are used to control the growth of microorganisms in the body/
chemicals that affect physiology
Controlling microbial growth in the body - Answers -incineration, UV rays from sunlight,
Pressure
Chemotherapeutic Agents - Answers -drugs that act against diseases; antimicrobials
designed to treat infections
Drug examples - Answers -Penicillin (antibacterial); tylenol (pain med); insulin (sugar
control); birth control pills; zanax; viagra; caffiene; THC/Acid
Paul Ehrlich - Answers -Salvarsan (arsphenamine) 1910- first modern
chemotherapeutic agent; arsenic compound used to treat syphilis
Alexander Fleming - Answers -Penicillin 1929- not available routinely until late 1940's;
produced by penicillium mold
Gerhard Domagk - Answers -Sulfanilamide 1932- first widely available and practical
antimicrobial agent; inhibits metabolic synthesis of DNA and RNA nucleotides
Selective toxicity - Answers -key factor for antimicrobial action in the body; kill the
pathogen but not the host
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - Answers -prevent cross-linkage of NAM in newly
synthesized bacterial cell walls; no effect on existing peptidoglycan; growing cells; no
effect on plant/animal cells
Beta lactams - Answers -most prominent in this group; functional of molecules are beta
lactam rings
beta lactam rings - Answers -binds to enzymes that cross link NAM subunits; cause
bacteria to have weakened cell walls and eventually lyse
, Semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams - Answers -more stable in acidic
environments; more readily absorbed; less susceptible to deactivation; more active
against more types of bacteria
Inhibition of Protein synthesis - Answers -prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s; selectively
targeting and inhibiting translation
Protein synthesis examples - Answers -streptomycin; tetracyclines; erythromycin;
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes - Answers -incorporated into the cytoplasmic
membrane and damage its integrity
Amphotericin B - Answers -attaches to ergosterol found in fungal membranes-
antifungal agent
Sulfa drugs - Answers -inhibit metabolic pathways used for biosynthesis of DNA and
RNA nulceotides
Broad spectrum drugs - Answers -may allow for secondary or superinfections to
develop (killing of normal flora reduces microbial antagonism)
External Infections: - Answers -topical(local)- direct application of creams and pastes to
the skin
Internal Infections: - Answers -Oral-simple, but patients struggle following directions
Intramuscular- direct injection into muscle tissue
Intravenous- direct administration into blood stream via needle/catheter; achieves
highest levels of drug in body in shortest amount of time
Toxicity - Answers -kidneys, liver, nerves
Tetracylcine - Answers -froms calcium complexes that damage teeth and bones
allergies - Answers -rare, but can be life threatening
Disruption of normal flora - Answers -yeast infections: overgrowth of Candida albicans
in the vagina or mouth
Pseudomembranous colitis: overgrowth of Clastridium difficile in colon due to
clindamycin and cepahlosporin antibiotics
Development of Resistant Organisms - Answers -bacteria acquire drug resistance in
two way; spontaneous mutations of chromosomal genes/ acquisition of antibiotic
resistance plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms - Answers -production of an enzyme that inactivates
or destroys an antibiotic, ability to produce beta lactamase enzyme, prevention of drug
Prion Characteristics - Answers -single protein, two stable tertiary structures, mammals
contain gene, excess PrP production or mutations in Prp gene, cause newly
synthesized cellular form to refold into prion form
Prion diseases - Answers -only destroyed by incineration
Drugs - Answers -are used to control the growth of microorganisms in the body/
chemicals that affect physiology
Controlling microbial growth in the body - Answers -incineration, UV rays from sunlight,
Pressure
Chemotherapeutic Agents - Answers -drugs that act against diseases; antimicrobials
designed to treat infections
Drug examples - Answers -Penicillin (antibacterial); tylenol (pain med); insulin (sugar
control); birth control pills; zanax; viagra; caffiene; THC/Acid
Paul Ehrlich - Answers -Salvarsan (arsphenamine) 1910- first modern
chemotherapeutic agent; arsenic compound used to treat syphilis
Alexander Fleming - Answers -Penicillin 1929- not available routinely until late 1940's;
produced by penicillium mold
Gerhard Domagk - Answers -Sulfanilamide 1932- first widely available and practical
antimicrobial agent; inhibits metabolic synthesis of DNA and RNA nucleotides
Selective toxicity - Answers -key factor for antimicrobial action in the body; kill the
pathogen but not the host
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - Answers -prevent cross-linkage of NAM in newly
synthesized bacterial cell walls; no effect on existing peptidoglycan; growing cells; no
effect on plant/animal cells
Beta lactams - Answers -most prominent in this group; functional of molecules are beta
lactam rings
beta lactam rings - Answers -binds to enzymes that cross link NAM subunits; cause
bacteria to have weakened cell walls and eventually lyse
, Semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams - Answers -more stable in acidic
environments; more readily absorbed; less susceptible to deactivation; more active
against more types of bacteria
Inhibition of Protein synthesis - Answers -prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s; selectively
targeting and inhibiting translation
Protein synthesis examples - Answers -streptomycin; tetracyclines; erythromycin;
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes - Answers -incorporated into the cytoplasmic
membrane and damage its integrity
Amphotericin B - Answers -attaches to ergosterol found in fungal membranes-
antifungal agent
Sulfa drugs - Answers -inhibit metabolic pathways used for biosynthesis of DNA and
RNA nulceotides
Broad spectrum drugs - Answers -may allow for secondary or superinfections to
develop (killing of normal flora reduces microbial antagonism)
External Infections: - Answers -topical(local)- direct application of creams and pastes to
the skin
Internal Infections: - Answers -Oral-simple, but patients struggle following directions
Intramuscular- direct injection into muscle tissue
Intravenous- direct administration into blood stream via needle/catheter; achieves
highest levels of drug in body in shortest amount of time
Toxicity - Answers -kidneys, liver, nerves
Tetracylcine - Answers -froms calcium complexes that damage teeth and bones
allergies - Answers -rare, but can be life threatening
Disruption of normal flora - Answers -yeast infections: overgrowth of Candida albicans
in the vagina or mouth
Pseudomembranous colitis: overgrowth of Clastridium difficile in colon due to
clindamycin and cepahlosporin antibiotics
Development of Resistant Organisms - Answers -bacteria acquire drug resistance in
two way; spontaneous mutations of chromosomal genes/ acquisition of antibiotic
resistance plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms - Answers -production of an enzyme that inactivates
or destroys an antibiotic, ability to produce beta lactamase enzyme, prevention of drug
