CMN 141 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Agenda Setting - Answers Relationship between degree of attention to an issue and salience among
the public
Framing - Answers The process by which the words used or the construction of a message affects the
interpretation of the receiver.
Similarities w/Agenda Setting and Framing - Answers
Differences w/Agenda Setting and Framing - Answers Agenda Setting is about whether we think about
an issue while Framing is about how we think about it.
What are some outcomes of framing? - Answers 1. Activation of Relevant Cognition
2. Attitudinal Effects
3. Affective and Behavioral Outcomes
The Valkenburg et al. (1999) Paper - Answers Wanted to see how different frames influence
individuals cognitions and recall of news stories
both cognitions and recall
How do different types of frames influence individuals' recall of new stories? - Answers
What frames do they analyze? - Answers Conflict, Human Interest, Responsibility and Economic
Consequences
What are the issues that they analyze? - Answers Crime in the Netherlands (closer to home) and
Introduction of the Euro (further from home)
How do they design the study? What are the measures? - Answers 187 undergraduate participants
randomly assigned to different versions of the stories, all containing the same info but with different
opening/closing paragraphs. Asked what people's feelings were.
What do they find? - Answers The Frames will shape how people reflect on the story. Conflict Frame =
More Conflict Mentioned in Listings
The Jang (2018) Paper - Answers
What is the Terror Management Theory (TMT)? - Answers -all humans suffer from thinking about
their inevitable death
-we cope in 2 ways:
1. by believing that our view of the world is correct (we are smart people, we believe and do the right
things)
2. by believing that we are a valuable member of a cultural group (we belong and bring value)
What happen to people when they are confronted with their own morality? - Answers -polarization
occurs (liberals become more liberal and conservatives become more conservative)
-boomerage effect; messages that inadvertently make people think about their own mortality can
backfire - b/c it makes people think of dying, they instinctively cope by validating that the idea that
what they believe in are correct (even if that is the thing that makes them think about dying)
Ex. anti-smoking ads - smokers become more strong in their conviction that smoking is in their beliefs
The design of studies - Answers Study 1: 201 participants from various political parties and either
viewed news stories about mass shootings or animals
Study 2: 303 adult participants from various political parties, measures of attitudes towards gun
control and open carry, two open-ended questions which served to prime thoughts of death
Study 3: Researchers measured gun attitudes, partisanship and demographics. Participants read about
a shooting/animals and completed a word fragment task. Gun control/open carry thoughts were
measured.
What are the findings of each study? - Answers Study 1: Coverage of mass shootings primes
individuals to think about death
Study 2: After being reminded of death, both parties will reinforce their gun policy attitudes and the
polarized effects will emerge, except independents.
Study 3: Partisan moderated the indirect effect. Republicans decreased support for gun control and
increased for open carry while democrats did not change.
The Holbert et al. (2003) Paper - Answers
What are the expectations? - Answers If they see positive portrays of the president, they will have
more positive mental images about presidents, will influence their attitudes toward the sitting and
immediately preceding presidents.
Agenda Setting - Answers Relationship between degree of attention to an issue and salience among
the public
Framing - Answers The process by which the words used or the construction of a message affects the
interpretation of the receiver.
Similarities w/Agenda Setting and Framing - Answers
Differences w/Agenda Setting and Framing - Answers Agenda Setting is about whether we think about
an issue while Framing is about how we think about it.
What are some outcomes of framing? - Answers 1. Activation of Relevant Cognition
2. Attitudinal Effects
3. Affective and Behavioral Outcomes
The Valkenburg et al. (1999) Paper - Answers Wanted to see how different frames influence
individuals cognitions and recall of news stories
both cognitions and recall
How do different types of frames influence individuals' recall of new stories? - Answers
What frames do they analyze? - Answers Conflict, Human Interest, Responsibility and Economic
Consequences
What are the issues that they analyze? - Answers Crime in the Netherlands (closer to home) and
Introduction of the Euro (further from home)
How do they design the study? What are the measures? - Answers 187 undergraduate participants
randomly assigned to different versions of the stories, all containing the same info but with different
opening/closing paragraphs. Asked what people's feelings were.
What do they find? - Answers The Frames will shape how people reflect on the story. Conflict Frame =
More Conflict Mentioned in Listings
The Jang (2018) Paper - Answers
What is the Terror Management Theory (TMT)? - Answers -all humans suffer from thinking about
their inevitable death
-we cope in 2 ways:
1. by believing that our view of the world is correct (we are smart people, we believe and do the right
things)
2. by believing that we are a valuable member of a cultural group (we belong and bring value)
What happen to people when they are confronted with their own morality? - Answers -polarization
occurs (liberals become more liberal and conservatives become more conservative)
-boomerage effect; messages that inadvertently make people think about their own mortality can
backfire - b/c it makes people think of dying, they instinctively cope by validating that the idea that
what they believe in are correct (even if that is the thing that makes them think about dying)
Ex. anti-smoking ads - smokers become more strong in their conviction that smoking is in their beliefs
The design of studies - Answers Study 1: 201 participants from various political parties and either
viewed news stories about mass shootings or animals
Study 2: 303 adult participants from various political parties, measures of attitudes towards gun
control and open carry, two open-ended questions which served to prime thoughts of death
Study 3: Researchers measured gun attitudes, partisanship and demographics. Participants read about
a shooting/animals and completed a word fragment task. Gun control/open carry thoughts were
measured.
What are the findings of each study? - Answers Study 1: Coverage of mass shootings primes
individuals to think about death
Study 2: After being reminded of death, both parties will reinforce their gun policy attitudes and the
polarized effects will emerge, except independents.
Study 3: Partisan moderated the indirect effect. Republicans decreased support for gun control and
increased for open carry while democrats did not change.
The Holbert et al. (2003) Paper - Answers
What are the expectations? - Answers If they see positive portrays of the president, they will have
more positive mental images about presidents, will influence their attitudes toward the sitting and
immediately preceding presidents.
