CHAPTER 11 - correct answers CHAPTER 11 Explain why DNA replication is called semiconervative. - correct answers DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 original strand and 1 newly made daughter strand site within a chromosome that serves as a sta

Earth is how old? - correct answers 4.5b 1st living organisms appeared - correct answers 4-3.5bya uniformitarianism - correct answers principle that Earth's processes occurring today are similar to those that occurred in the past Fossil record extends back - correct answers 3.5bya radiocarbon dating good for - correct answers 50000 yrs, recent human history Dechronology good for - correct answers 9000 , accurate to the season. most accurate. good for climate How many known species ? - correct answers 1.8 million , estimate 10-100 million unknown Domain system - correct answers Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya, All life made out of - correct answers water, carbs, proteins, lipids,sugars,nucleic acids hydrogen bonding - correct answers oxygen very electroneagtive, hogs the electrons and H is positive, so O in one molecule bonds with H in another molecule of H2O Surface tension/cohesion - correct answers molecules of H2O stick together because of Hydrogen bonds capillary action - correct answers The combination of adhesion and cohesion that allows water to travel up small spaces- plants need it carbohydrate (sugars) - correct answers -made of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen -energy, structural support, and cell recognition -monomers are monosaccarides -startch for plant energy storage, chitin and cellulose for structural support , glycogen for energy storage in animals dissacarides - correct answers dehydration synthesis reaction between two monosaccarides Proteins - correct answers -made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a carbon, a hydrogen, and a variable r group -peptides are long chains of amino acids that are not proteins yet (protein is a polypeptide bent a certain way) -functions: enzymes, structural support, hormones, transportation/mechanical movement -20 different kinds of amino acids R groups - correct answers 3- nonpolar-hydrophobic, polar-hydrophillic, anf electrically charges- acidic or basic sickle cell anemia - correct answers -one amino acid changes and results in hbs -instead of glutamic acid (lectrically charged) it ised valine (nonpolar) -shape of hemoglobin is bad Lipids - correct answers -fat molecules,phospholipids,steroids -protection/cushioning, cell membranes, thermoregulation/insulation, energy storage, hormones -NOT polymers -all at least partially hydrophobic phospholipds - correct answers -membarines, hydrophobic tails and hydrophillic head dietary lipids - correct answers -main component is fatty acid -saturated fat- max number of double bonds, folds in nicely so solid -unsaturated fat- not full of double bonds, doesnt fold nicely so liquid steroids - correct answers -estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone -considered lipids bc hydrophobic nucleic acids - correct answers -blueprint for proteins -atp is a nucleic acid -5 different monomers called nucleotides- g,c,a,t,u nucleotide base pairing rules - correct answers G=C DNA: A=T (Doesnt have U) RNA: A=U, (Never has T) DNA - correct answers DEOXYRIBOSE, double stranded, ATGC, instructions for making proteins , bases ATGC RNA - correct answers Ribose sugar, single stranded,bases AUGC DNA polarity - correct answers two strands run upside down Prokaryotes - correct answers no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, smaller, circulae chromosones, divide by binary fission, unicellular, flagella made of flagellin, metabolically less diverse Eukaryotes - correct answers membrane bound organelles, bigger, linear chromosones,divide by mitosis or meiosis,multicellular,flagella made of tubulin,metabolically more diverse Archae and Eukarya - correct answers are more closely related than bacteria and archae 3 domain classification - correct answers Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya prokaryote shapes - correct answers cocci(round), baccili(rod),spirilla(spiral) Bacteria - correct answers -no peptidoglycen, no nitrons or junk DNA, some are photosynthetic Achaea - correct answers -cell walls have peptidoglycen, unique cell membrane lipids, some genes have nitrons, mostly anerobic, previously known as extremophiles reporduction of prokaryotes - correct answers binary fission transformation - correct answers bacterium picks up DNA from environment, left behind from dead bacteria conjugation - correct answers requires a partner, sex without reproduction, F is fertile cell, copies f plasmid transduction - correct answers requires phage, once virus explodes a cell it takes some genetic info with it to a new one Gram staining - correct answers unique to bacteria, when stained purple and washed, gram positive cells retain purple stain gram positive - correct answers have peptidoglycen gram negative - correct answers only thing layer of peptidoglycen, has liposaccarides, reistent to antibiotics , liposaccarides make ppl sick, endotoxins prokaryoitc movement - correct answers flagella microsymbiont - correct answers smaller of 2 specied commensalism - correct answers neither benefit nor harm mutualism - correct answers both benefit parasitism - correct answers one at expense of the other nitrogen fixation - correct answers -all cells need nitrogen, porkaryote nitrigen fixers turn n2 into usable nh3 amonia saprobes - correct answers organisms that eat deacaying plants nucleus - correct answers surrounded by double membrane rough er - correct answers proteins targeted for export