Bio 110 Final exam questions with 100% verified answers| guaranteed pass|

Features of Plants - correct answers Have: cell wall made of cellulose, photosynthetic photoautotrophs, have chloroplast (chlorophyll b), store carbs as starch, multicellular, mainly terrestrial, and have a jacketed gametaniga. Green Algae (Charophytes) - correct answers closest relative to plants 4 types of Plants - correct answers Non-vasulcar plants (developed 1st), Seedless plants, Non-flowering Seedless plants, and Flowering Plants (developed last) Shared Characteristics of plants and green algae - correct answers Shared Characteristics: Chlorophyll b, Starch, Cellulose, and DNA sequences Alternation of Generations of Plants - correct answers Life cycle that includes the alternation between multicellular haploid life stages and multicellular diploid life stages Sporophyte - correct answers Diploid (2n) that produces haploid spores through meiosis. Haploid gametes (1n) produce these through fertilization with other gametes. Haploid Spores - correct answers Haploid (1n) that is produced by sporophytes which are then developed into gametophytes through process of mitosis Gametophytes - correct answers Haploid (1n) that are produced by the mitosis of haploid spores which then produce haploid gametes (1n) through mitosis. Haploid Gametes - correct answers Haploid (1n) produced by Gametophytes (1n) through mitosis which then join with other gametes (fertilization) and form Sporophytes (2n). Advantages of Terrestrial life of plants - correct answers There wasn't very much competition or predation when plants first came to land. More access to the sun because of this. Disadvantages of Terrestrial Life of plants - correct answers Plants lost buoyancy + physical support of water (have to deal with gravity) UV radiation leads to increased rates of mutation Desiccation/drying out Possible Scenario of Terrestrial Life - correct answers Green algae in shallow bay that has water that submerges + retreats from algae on the shore Algae evolves to be able to stand longer and longer periods of not being submerged Gametangia - correct answers site of gamete production jacketed; unique to plants, protects gametes, zygotes, and embryo Prevent drying out along with the waxy cuticle (adaptation to terrestrial life) Waxy Cuticle - correct answers A hard lipid that helps solve water loss (prevents drying out) - adaptation to terrestrial life. Also creates a problem with carbon dioxide and oxygen gas exchange Stomata - correct answers The pores on the surface of plants that allow gas exchange and solve the problem that the waxy cuticle creates (adaptation to terrestrial life) Vascular Tissue - correct answers This transports water and nutrients throughout most plant types Have a polysaccharide lignin that provides structural support. Two types: xylem + phloem Xylem - correct answers type of vascular tissue that transports water and minerals Phloem - correct answers type of vascular tissue that transports sugars Non-Vascular Plants - correct answers aka Bryophytes 1st type of plants to form. No vascular tissue, Life cycle w/ flagellated(motile) sperm, dominant stage is the Gametophyte, Heterosporous, contain Rhizoids, and nutrients diffuse into cells. ex: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Life Cycle of Non-Vascular Bryophyte - correct answers 1: Gametophyte produces gametes. 2: Motile sperm reaches egg - fertilization. 3: Diploid zygote (2n) goes through mitosis and begins to develop into embryo (2n). 4: Embryo (2n) matures into sporophyte (2n) 5: Meiosis of sporophyte to produce haploid spores (1n) 6+7: Haploid spores are dispersed - spores goes through mitosis(7) and create haploid gametophyte that goes through step 1. Rhizoids - correct answers root-like structures that function to anchor bryophytes to the surface they are growing on not capable of water uptake Antheridium - correct answers Male gametophyte of Non-vascular plants that produce sperm Archegonium - correct answers Female gametophyte of Non-vascular plants that produce eggs Seedless Vascular Plants - correct answers Have true roots/leaves, have physical support so they can grow larger, more independent from water (take up water + nutrients from the soil more effectively), need water for reproduction - flagellated sperm, contain lignin, Sporophyte generation is dominant (helps protect against UV mutations because there are 2 copies of chromosomes), Gametophyte lives independently, and Homosporous Homosporous - correct answers Condition of seedless vascular plants in which they have a single bisexual spore that gives rise to bisexual gametophyte (produce both male and female gametes) Megaspore - correct answers Female gametophytes develop from this in a heterosporous condition Microspore - correct answers Male gametophytes develop from this in a heterosporous condition Pollen - correct answers Male gametophyte of seed plants Non-flowering Seed Plants - correct answers Gymnosperms (ex: pine trees) Arose as climate became drier about 325 mya, have cones (male and female), large in size, drought tolerant, thick cuticle, Evergreen mostly, has seeds, and is Sporophyte dominant (complete), 4 types: Conifers, Ginkgos, Cycades, and Gnetophytes have naked seeds because they lack ovaries. Sporophytic Tissue - correct answers seed plant's gametophytes are surrounded by this tissue which nourishes the gametophytes Dioecious - correct answers characteristic of Cycads and Ginkgos (gymnosperms) in which each reproductive structure is on separate plants Double Fertilization - correct answers Process undergone by only Gnetophytes of the gymnosperms in which 2 sperm enter ovule; 1 sperm fertilizes the egg and 1 sperm fertilizes another cell in ovary. THIS OCCURS IN ALL ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering plants) Imperfect Flower - correct answers Flower that has only male or female reproductive organs Perfect Flower - correct answers Flower that has both male and female reproductive organs Monoecious - correct answers When both sexes are on the same plant Flowering Plant - correct answers Angiosperm = Non-Flowering Seed Plants - correct answers Gymnosperm = Non-Vascular Plants - correct answers Bryophytes = Flowering Plant - correct answers aka Angiosperm Land plant w/ 250,000+ species, have flowers and fruits, seeds - double fertilization, microspore: 2 sperm, megaspore: 1 egg and 2 haploid polar nuclei, 1 sperm + 1 egg = embryo (2n) 1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei = endosperm (3n) -- nourishes embryo Wind pollenated + animal pollenated Microspore of flowering plants - correct answers 2 sperm Megaspore of flowering plants - correct answers 1 egg + 2 haploid polar nuclei Embryo (2n) - correct answers the formation of 1 sperm + 1 egg produces this Endosperm (3n) - correct answers This provides nourishment for the developing embryo. The formation of 1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei produces this Wind Pollination - correct answers This type of pollination requires: open structure, no odor, tall plants, grow close together, and small inconspicuous flowers Increase in pollination success - correct answers The more flowers there are on a plant, there is most likely going to be an.... Characteristics of Seeds of Flowering Plants - correct answers # of flowers increases pollination success, fruit allow seeds to be dispersed more effectively This protects and nourishes the developing plant embryo (contained within a fruit) Seeds that travel in wind - correct answers Seeds that have wings or are dust like Seeds that travel in the water - correct answers Seeds that float ex: coconuts Population Genetics - correct answers This monitors changes in allele and genotype frequencies in a population and looks at what causes the changes in the population Population - correct answers This is a group of individuals of the same species and living in the same geographic area Gene Pool - correct answers This is all the genes and alleles being studied in a population 1 Allele in population - correct answers p = 1 2 alleles in population - correct answers p + q = 1 3 alleles in population - correct answers p + q + r = 1 Hardy-Weinberg Equation - correct answers Used to determine allele frequencies in a population Equation: p + q + r = 1 Can be used to determine the probability that a DNA sample comes from a specific individual 3 - correct answers # of alleles in ABO blood group Homozygous - correct answers Genotype of 1 band on DNA sequence (p^2) = Heterozygous - correct answers Genotype of 2 bands on DNA sequence (2pq) = There is none, something went wrong. - correct answers Genotype of 3 bands on DNA sequence = Blood Type O - correct answers ii