nsg 5140 final ADV PATHO images UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Glucocorticoids Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex
(zona fasciculata). Synthetic examples: prednisone,
dexamethasone, hydrocortisone.
Mechanism of decreasing Bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors →
inflammation nucleus → alter gene transcription. ↓ inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), ↓ arachidonic acid
pathway (↓ COX-2 and phospholipase A2), ↓
capillary permeability, ↓ leukocyte migration.
Outcome: suppressed immune response and anti-
inflammatory effect.
, Adrenal Insufficiency / Adrenal Crisis Primary (Addison's): adrenal gland damage → ↓
cortisol & aldosterone (autoimmune, TB,
hemorrhage). Secondary: ↓ ACTH due to pituitary
or chronic glucocorticoid therapy.
How prednisone causes adrenal Chronic glucocorticoids shut down hypothalamic-
crisis pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adrenal cortex
atrophies. Sudden stop → body cannot produce
cortisol → crisis.
Signs & symptoms of adrenal crisis Fatigue, weakness, hypotension, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, weight loss, salt craving,
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia (primary).
Complications of adrenal crisis Shock, hypoglycemia, arrhythmias, death.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Mechanical problem in inner ear: Otoliths (calcium
(BPPV) crystals) dislodged → fall into semicircular canals
→ abnormal vestibular signaling.
Signs & symptoms of BPPV Episodic vertigo triggered by head position
change, lasts seconds-minutes, nausea, imbalance,
NO hearing loss or tinnitus.
Risk factors for BPPV Age > 50, head injury, vestibular disorders,
osteoporosis.
Complications of BPPV Falls, anxiety/avoidance of movement.
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Glucocorticoids Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex
(zona fasciculata). Synthetic examples: prednisone,
dexamethasone, hydrocortisone.
Mechanism of decreasing Bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors →
inflammation nucleus → alter gene transcription. ↓ inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), ↓ arachidonic acid
pathway (↓ COX-2 and phospholipase A2), ↓
capillary permeability, ↓ leukocyte migration.
Outcome: suppressed immune response and anti-
inflammatory effect.
, Adrenal Insufficiency / Adrenal Crisis Primary (Addison's): adrenal gland damage → ↓
cortisol & aldosterone (autoimmune, TB,
hemorrhage). Secondary: ↓ ACTH due to pituitary
or chronic glucocorticoid therapy.
How prednisone causes adrenal Chronic glucocorticoids shut down hypothalamic-
crisis pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adrenal cortex
atrophies. Sudden stop → body cannot produce
cortisol → crisis.
Signs & symptoms of adrenal crisis Fatigue, weakness, hypotension, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, weight loss, salt craving,
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia (primary).
Complications of adrenal crisis Shock, hypoglycemia, arrhythmias, death.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Mechanical problem in inner ear: Otoliths (calcium
(BPPV) crystals) dislodged → fall into semicircular canals
→ abnormal vestibular signaling.
Signs & symptoms of BPPV Episodic vertigo triggered by head position
change, lasts seconds-minutes, nausea, imbalance,
NO hearing loss or tinnitus.
Risk factors for BPPV Age > 50, head injury, vestibular disorders,
osteoporosis.
Complications of BPPV Falls, anxiety/avoidance of movement.
