NR571 midterm respiratory UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
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aortic stenosis harsh mid-systolic murmur @ 2nd right intercostal space/RUSB, radiates to
carotid, increased w/ squatting and leaning forward., CP, tachy, SOB, dizzy,
syncope, edema, bad sleeping
EKG findings in mitral valve regurgitation include lateral precordial narrow Q waves and left ventricular hypertrophy. The
ST segment and T wave are often normal or nearly normal.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) The '4 T's' (thrombocytopenia, timing of platelet count fall, thrombosis or other
sequelae, and other causes for thrombocytopenia,)
Pneumonia lung infection, caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. bacteria are the
most common(the alveoli (inflamed and filled with fluid)
Characterized of PNA productive cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, confusion (especially in
older patients), fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting are s/s
Risk factors for developing pneumonia under 2 or over 65, weakened immune system, smoking, chronic lung or other
diseases, and being hospitalized are risk factor for
Asthma is a chronic lung disease, affects lung function, develops in childhood, all ages.
environmental and genetic factors, can cause a flare-up of symptoms (asthma
attack)
characterized of asthma inflammation, mucus formation, and narrowing of airways are for
triggers for asthma attacks allergens (such as pollen and pet dander), irritants (such as smoke and chemicals),
medicines, existing infections, and exercise may are trigger
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) an airflow-limiting condition that affects the lungs, (includes both emphysema and
chronic bronchitis
Emphysema affects the alveoli, alveolar walls are broken down causing alveolar air spaces to
become permanently and abnormally enlarged, less surface area for gas
exchange, limiting airflow.
Chronic bronchitis a condition that affects the bronchi and bronchioles, the airways become
narrowed and blocked with mucus, limiting airflow.
Cause of COPD smoking, secondhand smoke (SHS), pollution, and industrial or chemical fumes
can cause
Common symptoms of COPD shortness of breath, fatigue, and coughing s/s
, Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) valuable tools that can be used in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of
suspected or previously diagnosed respiratory diseases. for develop a plan of
care, predict risk of respiratory complications, and monitor response to treatment.
to provide an objective assessment of pulmonary function
pulmonary diagnosis PFTs, arterial blood gases and radiography are for
PTFs for intraoperative or postoperative respiratory complications. for bronchodilator
therapy, risk evaluation for patients before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery.
PFTs Evaluating lung volumes or the ability to fully expand
flow rates, rate of inflow and outflow of air maximal voluntary ventilation or
airflow through the major airways by completing rapid inspiration expiration
maneuvers evaluation of diffusing capacity or the ability of the oxygen to get into
the blood
PFTs Measures
Spirometry evaluates the amount of air exhaled and inhaled during forced
maneuvers
Lung volume refers to the total amount of air in the lungs with maximal inspiration.
diffusing capacity measures gas exchange and is often done in conjunction with
a pulse oximetry reading.
Normal PFTs FEV1 (80% to 120%), FVC (80% to 120%), Absolute FEV1/FVC Ratio (Within 5% of the
predicted ratio), TLC
(80% to 120%), FRC (75% to 120%), RV (75% to 120%), DLCO (>60% to <120%),
Restrictive Lung Disease= decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs can hold. decrease in the
elasticity, inability of the chest wall to expand during inhalation
associated with restrictive lung function interstitial lung disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, obesity,
including obesity hypoventilation syndrome, scoliosis, neuromuscular diseases
such as muscular dystrophy or amateur amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
associated
Obstructive Lung Disease impede exhaled air from the lungs due to the narrowing of the airways or actual
damage to the lung parenchyma.
associated with obstructive lung function asthma, chronic (COPD), cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis are associated
PTs Diagnostic Approach Determine if the FEV1/FVC ratio is low. (obstructive defect present)
Determine if the FVC is low. (restrictive pattern indicating restrictive lung disease,
a mixed pattern, or pure obstructive lung disease with air trapping).
Grade the severity of the abnormality.
Determined the reversibility of the obstructive defect..
Bronchoprovocation is done when a provider suspects exercise or allergen-
induced
Bronchodilator Response FEV1 or the FEV increases by at least 12% the obstructive pattern is considered
reversible, with
)
aortic stenosis harsh mid-systolic murmur @ 2nd right intercostal space/RUSB, radiates to
carotid, increased w/ squatting and leaning forward., CP, tachy, SOB, dizzy,
syncope, edema, bad sleeping
EKG findings in mitral valve regurgitation include lateral precordial narrow Q waves and left ventricular hypertrophy. The
ST segment and T wave are often normal or nearly normal.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) The '4 T's' (thrombocytopenia, timing of platelet count fall, thrombosis or other
sequelae, and other causes for thrombocytopenia,)
Pneumonia lung infection, caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. bacteria are the
most common(the alveoli (inflamed and filled with fluid)
Characterized of PNA productive cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, confusion (especially in
older patients), fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting are s/s
Risk factors for developing pneumonia under 2 or over 65, weakened immune system, smoking, chronic lung or other
diseases, and being hospitalized are risk factor for
Asthma is a chronic lung disease, affects lung function, develops in childhood, all ages.
environmental and genetic factors, can cause a flare-up of symptoms (asthma
attack)
characterized of asthma inflammation, mucus formation, and narrowing of airways are for
triggers for asthma attacks allergens (such as pollen and pet dander), irritants (such as smoke and chemicals),
medicines, existing infections, and exercise may are trigger
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) an airflow-limiting condition that affects the lungs, (includes both emphysema and
chronic bronchitis
Emphysema affects the alveoli, alveolar walls are broken down causing alveolar air spaces to
become permanently and abnormally enlarged, less surface area for gas
exchange, limiting airflow.
Chronic bronchitis a condition that affects the bronchi and bronchioles, the airways become
narrowed and blocked with mucus, limiting airflow.
Cause of COPD smoking, secondhand smoke (SHS), pollution, and industrial or chemical fumes
can cause
Common symptoms of COPD shortness of breath, fatigue, and coughing s/s
, Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) valuable tools that can be used in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of
suspected or previously diagnosed respiratory diseases. for develop a plan of
care, predict risk of respiratory complications, and monitor response to treatment.
to provide an objective assessment of pulmonary function
pulmonary diagnosis PFTs, arterial blood gases and radiography are for
PTFs for intraoperative or postoperative respiratory complications. for bronchodilator
therapy, risk evaluation for patients before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery.
PFTs Evaluating lung volumes or the ability to fully expand
flow rates, rate of inflow and outflow of air maximal voluntary ventilation or
airflow through the major airways by completing rapid inspiration expiration
maneuvers evaluation of diffusing capacity or the ability of the oxygen to get into
the blood
PFTs Measures
Spirometry evaluates the amount of air exhaled and inhaled during forced
maneuvers
Lung volume refers to the total amount of air in the lungs with maximal inspiration.
diffusing capacity measures gas exchange and is often done in conjunction with
a pulse oximetry reading.
Normal PFTs FEV1 (80% to 120%), FVC (80% to 120%), Absolute FEV1/FVC Ratio (Within 5% of the
predicted ratio), TLC
(80% to 120%), FRC (75% to 120%), RV (75% to 120%), DLCO (>60% to <120%),
Restrictive Lung Disease= decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs can hold. decrease in the
elasticity, inability of the chest wall to expand during inhalation
associated with restrictive lung function interstitial lung disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, obesity,
including obesity hypoventilation syndrome, scoliosis, neuromuscular diseases
such as muscular dystrophy or amateur amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
associated
Obstructive Lung Disease impede exhaled air from the lungs due to the narrowing of the airways or actual
damage to the lung parenchyma.
associated with obstructive lung function asthma, chronic (COPD), cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis are associated
PTs Diagnostic Approach Determine if the FEV1/FVC ratio is low. (obstructive defect present)
Determine if the FVC is low. (restrictive pattern indicating restrictive lung disease,
a mixed pattern, or pure obstructive lung disease with air trapping).
Grade the severity of the abnormality.
Determined the reversibility of the obstructive defect..
Bronchoprovocation is done when a provider suspects exercise or allergen-
induced
Bronchodilator Response FEV1 or the FEV increases by at least 12% the obstructive pattern is considered
reversible, with
