BSNC 1000 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔What is cor pulmonale? What causes it? - ✔✔enlargement and failure of the right
ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance or high blood
pressure in the lungs
✔✔what is primary hypertension? - ✔✔elevated BP without an identified cause
non-modifiable: age; males and African ancestry more likely to get hypertension; family
history and genetics
modifiable: high dietary sodium, fat and cholesterol; smoking, alcohol consumption;
fitness level; obesity/metabolic syndrome; psychological stress
✔✔What is secondary hypertension? - ✔✔Elevated BP with a specific cause
adrenal disorders --> pheochromocytoma; neoplasia of the adrenal cortex
coarctation of the aorta
oral contraceptive drugs + illicit drugs
kidney disease and atherosclerosis
✔✔What is pheochromocytoma? - ✔✔tumor of the adrenal medulla
✔✔what is mean arterial pressure? - ✔✔average blood pressure in a persons blood
vessels during a single cardiac cycle
--> important because it measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion to the
organs
✔✔what is the purpose of perfusion? - ✔✔Deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove
carbon dioxide and waste products
✔✔what factors influence central perfusion? - ✔✔HR x SV = CO
heart rate (HR) = nerves and hormones
stroke volume (SV) = blood volume and vascular resistance
--> congenital defects
✔✔what factors influence peripheral (tissue) perfusion? - ✔✔1. blood pressure (BP)/
mean arterial pressure
2. blood volume
, --> edema
--> obesity
✔✔define central perfusion - ✔✔flow of blood to and from the heart
✔✔define peripheral tissue perfusion - ✔✔flow of blood through arteries and capillaries
to target tissues
✔✔what are the symptoms of hypertension? - ✔✔dizziness, irregular heartbeat,
nausea, vomiting, fainting, fatigue
✔✔what are some primary preventions for COPD? - ✔✔education --> lifestyle changes
(diet, exercise, avoidance of smoking)
✔✔what are some secondary preventions for COPD? - ✔✔screening for COPD
✔✔what are some tertiary managements for COPD? - ✔✔pharmacologic treatment
oxygen therapy
✔✔What is centrilobular emphysema? - ✔✔most common form of emphysema strongly
associated with cigarette smoking
✔✔What is panacinar emphysema? - ✔✔AAT deficiency, damaged bronchioles and
alveoli together
✔✔what are the risk factors of COPD? - ✔✔-cigarette smoking
-occupational chemicals and dust
-air pollution
-infection
-heredity
-aging
✔✔What is the transtheoretical model of change? - ✔✔A model used to determine a
patient's willingness to change:
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
✔✔What is the pre-contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? -
✔✔not even considering change
✔✔What is the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? -
✔✔mixed feelings about making change
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔What is cor pulmonale? What causes it? - ✔✔enlargement and failure of the right
ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance or high blood
pressure in the lungs
✔✔what is primary hypertension? - ✔✔elevated BP without an identified cause
non-modifiable: age; males and African ancestry more likely to get hypertension; family
history and genetics
modifiable: high dietary sodium, fat and cholesterol; smoking, alcohol consumption;
fitness level; obesity/metabolic syndrome; psychological stress
✔✔What is secondary hypertension? - ✔✔Elevated BP with a specific cause
adrenal disorders --> pheochromocytoma; neoplasia of the adrenal cortex
coarctation of the aorta
oral contraceptive drugs + illicit drugs
kidney disease and atherosclerosis
✔✔What is pheochromocytoma? - ✔✔tumor of the adrenal medulla
✔✔what is mean arterial pressure? - ✔✔average blood pressure in a persons blood
vessels during a single cardiac cycle
--> important because it measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion to the
organs
✔✔what is the purpose of perfusion? - ✔✔Deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove
carbon dioxide and waste products
✔✔what factors influence central perfusion? - ✔✔HR x SV = CO
heart rate (HR) = nerves and hormones
stroke volume (SV) = blood volume and vascular resistance
--> congenital defects
✔✔what factors influence peripheral (tissue) perfusion? - ✔✔1. blood pressure (BP)/
mean arterial pressure
2. blood volume
, --> edema
--> obesity
✔✔define central perfusion - ✔✔flow of blood to and from the heart
✔✔define peripheral tissue perfusion - ✔✔flow of blood through arteries and capillaries
to target tissues
✔✔what are the symptoms of hypertension? - ✔✔dizziness, irregular heartbeat,
nausea, vomiting, fainting, fatigue
✔✔what are some primary preventions for COPD? - ✔✔education --> lifestyle changes
(diet, exercise, avoidance of smoking)
✔✔what are some secondary preventions for COPD? - ✔✔screening for COPD
✔✔what are some tertiary managements for COPD? - ✔✔pharmacologic treatment
oxygen therapy
✔✔What is centrilobular emphysema? - ✔✔most common form of emphysema strongly
associated with cigarette smoking
✔✔What is panacinar emphysema? - ✔✔AAT deficiency, damaged bronchioles and
alveoli together
✔✔what are the risk factors of COPD? - ✔✔-cigarette smoking
-occupational chemicals and dust
-air pollution
-infection
-heredity
-aging
✔✔What is the transtheoretical model of change? - ✔✔A model used to determine a
patient's willingness to change:
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
✔✔What is the pre-contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? -
✔✔not even considering change
✔✔What is the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? -
✔✔mixed feelings about making change
