BSNC 1000 STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔what is the older adult stage in Erickson's theory? - ✔✔reflect on their lives until
satisfaction or regret (integrity vs. despair) can be fixated on a certain stage in their life
that they felt wasn't completed
✔✔what are some psychosocial changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔family changes --> death in family
retirement --> can be positive if they have a social circle
awareness of one's own mortality
widowhood
changes in income
shrinking social world
✔✔what are some functional changes that can occur with growth and development of
the older adult? - ✔✔capacity to perform day-to-day activities of daily living
--> decrease in ADL's are linked to illness or disease
--> performance of ADL's are sensitive indicator of health or illness
✔✔what are some factors that can improve the functional changes occurring in older
adults? - ✔✔-healthy and well
balanced diet
- paced and appropriate activity
- regularly meaningful activities
- use of stress management techniques
- avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs
✔✔what are some symptoms of cognitive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔delirium;depression;dementia
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
, ✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
✔✔what are physiological changes in breasts that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- sag down due to decreased muscle
mass/elasticity
- atrophy of glandular tissue
- gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) due to medications, hormonal changes or
obesity
- increased risk of breast cancer
✔✔what are physiological GI and abdominal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- increased deposition of fatty tissue in trunk
- muscle tone is reduced
- reduced secretions and peristalsis (constipation, diarrhea, cramping)
- food intolerances
✔✔what are physiological reproductive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- menopause (decrease in estrogen and
progesterone)
✔✔what are physiological urinary changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔- hypertrophy of prostate gland
- UTI's
- urinary incontinence (stress incontinence caused by reduced bladder muscles)
✔✔what are physiological musculoskeletal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- muscle fibers decrease in size resulting in
decreased strength
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔what is the older adult stage in Erickson's theory? - ✔✔reflect on their lives until
satisfaction or regret (integrity vs. despair) can be fixated on a certain stage in their life
that they felt wasn't completed
✔✔what are some psychosocial changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔family changes --> death in family
retirement --> can be positive if they have a social circle
awareness of one's own mortality
widowhood
changes in income
shrinking social world
✔✔what are some functional changes that can occur with growth and development of
the older adult? - ✔✔capacity to perform day-to-day activities of daily living
--> decrease in ADL's are linked to illness or disease
--> performance of ADL's are sensitive indicator of health or illness
✔✔what are some factors that can improve the functional changes occurring in older
adults? - ✔✔-healthy and well
balanced diet
- paced and appropriate activity
- regularly meaningful activities
- use of stress management techniques
- avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs
✔✔what are some symptoms of cognitive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔delirium;depression;dementia
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
, ✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
✔✔what are physiological changes in breasts that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- sag down due to decreased muscle
mass/elasticity
- atrophy of glandular tissue
- gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) due to medications, hormonal changes or
obesity
- increased risk of breast cancer
✔✔what are physiological GI and abdominal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- increased deposition of fatty tissue in trunk
- muscle tone is reduced
- reduced secretions and peristalsis (constipation, diarrhea, cramping)
- food intolerances
✔✔what are physiological reproductive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- menopause (decrease in estrogen and
progesterone)
✔✔what are physiological urinary changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔- hypertrophy of prostate gland
- UTI's
- urinary incontinence (stress incontinence caused by reduced bladder muscles)
✔✔what are physiological musculoskeletal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- muscle fibers decrease in size resulting in
decreased strength
