Biology 121 – Usask Exit Exam Questions And Answers Well Elaborated

live in only one or a very small number of places (eg island or lake) - correct answers endemic species species that occur in most regions of the world - correct answers cosmopolitan species - Many endemic species - 500 spp. of vascular plants are endemic -92% of species of land birds are endemic - 26% of marine birds are endemic - correct answers Galapagos island an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection such that it increases the expected long-term reproductive success of the organism - correct answers Biological adaptation evolved: - laterally flattened tails for swimming - powerful limbs with strong claws (hold onto rocks) - blunt noses for grazing on seaweed - correct answers Marine Iguana (spends part of time in sea) - streamline shape, large tail, nostrils that close - Large webbed feet propel bird through water at high speeds - specialized salt-secreting glands manage salt intake while at sea - uropygial gland (waterproofing) - correct answers Blue-footed booby (adapted for diving) - highest ratio of wingspan/weight - tiny unwebbed feet - vestigial uropygial gland (unnecessary waterproofing) - correct answers Greater frigates (adapted for aerial life) father of biology - metabolism - temp reg - info processing - embryonic development - inheritence - correct answers Aristotle "father of microbiology", dutch linen merchant, first to observe living microbes, single-lens magnified up to 300X - correct answers Antonie van Leeuwenhoek () Father of taxonomy - correct answers Carolus Linnaeus () Father of paleontology - correct answers Georges Cuvier () Defined Biology in 1802 - correct answers Jean Baptist Lamarck () -acquire, conserve, restore, manage and exhibit very important collections of natural history, living organisms, inert collections, and databases - correct answers Role of Natural History Museums - specific observations are predicted from a general premise -ex: all wasps have stingers - correct answers Deductive reasoning - general conclusions are drawn from specific observations -ex: all hymenopterans have stingers (because bee, wasp and fire ants do) - correct answers Inductive reasoning 1. producing a hypothesis 2. designing and performing controlled experiments or making observations that allow data relevant to the hypothesis to be collected 3. analyzing the data in an objective way against the background of existing knowledge; and 4. drawing conclusions that support or refute the hypothesis - correct answers Scientific Method Adapted to: - live in cold temps - moving across snow, ice & open water - hunt for prey - correct answers Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) - thick white fur for insulation and camouflage - small ear reduce heat loss - sharp claws and teeth for catching & eating prey - strong legs for swimming and running to catch prey - large feet spread body mass on ice and snow - fur on feet soles for insulation and grip - thick layer of blubber for insulation and energy storage - correct answers Adaptations of polar bear Nonliving components of environment. (water, fire , wind, gases, pH, salts, etc) - correct answers abiotic factors any living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem. This includes both animals that consume other organisms within their ecosystem, and the organism that is being consumed. - correct answers Biotic factors 1. consist of one or more cells (that contain DNA) 2. Requires a constant output of energy and raw materials 3. Conduct metabolism 4. grow/develop 5. exhibit homeostasis 6. make short-term responses to stimuli 7. reproduce -Life is organized but it takes energy - correct answers 7 factors of life - the physical, chemical & behavioural characteristics of life change. - populations of living organisms change over the course of many generations - evolution results in traits that promote survival and reproductive success - evolution is possible only because of numerous variations that exist within each species - correct answers Life adapts through evolution: 1. basic structural & functional units of all living organisms 2. contain DNA, cell membranes and ribosomes 3. produced from the division of pre-existing cells 4. have basically the same chemical comporsition - correct answers Cells As cells increase in size, there is a point where the plasma membrane/cell wall can't [ass enough material across it to meet the needs of the increased cytoplasmic volume - correct answers Surface area to volume ratio most are 0.2 micro meters in diameter and 2-8 micrometers in length - correct answers Bacteria size 0.8-100 micrometers - correct answers Protists size - DNA organized in a single chromosome. No mitosis - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles - have cell membrane, DNA, Ribosome - correct answers Prokaryotes - DNA organized in multiple chromosomes inside nucleus. - Mitotic division - Nucleus and Mebrane bound organelles - correct answers Eukaryotes synthesize their own food - use an external energy source to produce organic material from raw inorganic materials - correct answers Autotrophs use light from sun and inorganic materials (H20 and C02) - correct answers Photoautotrophs use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3, nitrites, Fe) as energy sources - correct answers Chemoautotrophs require preformed organic molecules - use energy in organic matter obtained from other organisms - correct answers Heterotrophs use light from sun to generate ATP, but need to take in organic compounds from their environment (ex: halobacterium) - correct answers Photoheterotrophs must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source - correct answers Chemoheterotroph heterotrophic - correct answers All multicellular animals are... symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a photosynthetic plant - fungus extends reach of roots (better water and nutrient uptake) - plant provide products of p/s - correct answers Mycorrhizal fungi maintain an internal steady state - correct answers Homeostasis 1. one individual separates into 2 individuals of equal size (binary fission) 2. one individual separates into several individuals of equal size (multiple fission) - correct answers Fission (2 types) New individuals arise from an outgrowth of another (ex: hydra) - correct answers Budding parent breaks off into pieces each piece gives rise to a new individual - correct answers Fragmentation and Regeneration development of an individual from an unfertilized egg (ex desert-grassland whiptail lizard) - correct answers parthenogenesis two organisms fuse along a common surface & exchange genetic material - correct answers Conjugation Advantage: - increases genetic variation (new genotypes) - Enhances reproductive success in changing environments Disadvantage: - Locate a mate - correct answers Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction Advantages: - Large # if offspring produced rapidly - Only one individual required Disadvantage: - Little or no genetic variation - correct answers Disadvantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction - consist of genetic material (nucleic acid, DNA or RNA) contained within a protective protein coat called a caspid -do not contain all 4 biomolecules - do not have cellular structure - unable to replicate outside of a living system - smaller than bacterium - not living - correct answers Viruses - Infectious particles that cause disease in plants - do not have a cellular structure - depend upon enzymes of plant host for replication - lack proteins - consist of a small RNA molecule (usually single-stranded circular RNA molecule of several 100 nucleotides in length - unlike viruses, RNA of viroids do not code for any proteins - correct answers Viroids - non-living entities - more simple than viruses - are proteins - lack heredity material - do not have a cellular structure - another infectious agent (mad cow disease) - correct answers Prions - suspends the red blood cells to carry O2 to cells (animals) - for electrolytes & nutrients needed by cells - carries metabolic waste from cells - maintains osmotic pressure in cells - involved in transport of molecules in/out of cells - correct answers Water the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. - correct answers Adaptation - hump: storage area for fat supply in times of need and metabolic water (avoid dehydration) - pads on feet for walking on hot soft sand toes spread out for better grip - long thick eyelids with double lashes reduce sand in eyes -thick tough split lips to eat thorny desert plants - thick fur insulates against extremes of heat and cold - regulate body temp - can rehydrate quickly - can tolerate 40% loss of body mass when food and water is scarce - correct answers Camel adaptations can lose up to 95% of its body water - correct answers Tardigrades (water bears) being nocturnal, they sleep during say and hide from sun, therefore reduce evaporation (behavioural) - correct answers Frogs avoid dehydration by: seal in moisture from waxy substance secreted by skin glands - correct answers Waxy monkey frogs avoid dehydration by: info in lecture 8 - correct answers Killer Whale Chemical defenses for protection - usually bright coloured to advertise to predators that they are unpalatable - many have skin glands that produce sulphuric acid or a toxic secretion to repel predators - some utilize undischarged nematocysts (stinging cells) from their prey - cerata to increase surface area for gas exchange - correct answers Nudibranches organisms classified based on their appearance (one problem with this is some species may be morphological similar) - correct answers Morphological species concept prevent mating or fertilization - correct answers prezygotic reproductive barriers prevent development of fertile adults - correct answers postzygotic reproductive barriers Species may occupy different habitats, so they do. not contact with each other. (ex: northwestern garter snake [moist meadow, grassy patch] and ribbon