GMS 6504 FINAL EXAM 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SCORED A+
✔✔Noncompetitive antagonist/Unsurmountable! - ✔✔Depression of dose-response
curves with no dextral displacement
Additional antagonist cannot be overcome by additional agonist
shift the original curve to the right and shifts the maximal down!
✔✔Unsurmountable and Unsaturable - ✔✔The maximal response is not really impacted
and you never really reach zero
You have dextral displacement with depression of maximum at higher concentrations
produced by noncompetitive antagonists in systems with a receptor reserved for the
antagonist
✔✔What is the formula for occupancy? - ✔✔([A]/Ka)/
([A]/Ka)+([B]/Kb) +1
✔✔How do you carry out an antagonist binding assay? - ✔✔Incubate a receptor with a
known agonist --> wash out the excess agonist --> add in the antagonist
Allow identification of the IC50
✔✔How do you carry out an antagonist response assay? - ✔✔Obtain dose response for
agonist --> repeat in presence of increasing antagonist concentrations
✔✔What is the formula for dose ratio? - ✔✔K'/K = EC50 with antagonist/EC50 without
antagonist
✔✔What is the pA2 value? - ✔✔The negative log of the concentration of antagonist
which will reduce the response of a tissue to a double dose of agonist to that of a single
dose of agonist
✔✔Is a higher or lower pA2 more potent? - ✔✔low - because it requires less
concentration to be effective
✔✔What is Schild Analysis? - ✔✔A tool for measuring the affinity of drugs to their
receptors
A graph on a log scale that depicts the response of a reaction on a a line with an
increased or decreased amount of confidence
✔✔What are the 5 types of Schild Analysis graphs? - ✔✔Non-competitive binding
, Competitive Binding
Cooperative binding
Heterogeneous Binding
Non-Equilibrium
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Noncompetitive binding look like? - ✔✔A half U
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Competitive binding look like? - ✔✔A straight line
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Cooperative binding look like? - ✔✔An upside down
half U
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Heterogeneous Receptors binding look like? -
✔✔Straight linear, a plateau, and then back to the same incline
✔✔What does a Shild Analysis of Non-equilibrium binding look like? - ✔✔A straight line
that tapers off but doesn't quite reach a maximal value.
✔✔What is an inverse agonist? - ✔✔An agonist that binds to a receptor, does not
impact the maximum, but decreases the response (shifts the curve to the right)
✔✔What is a partial agonist? - ✔✔An agonist that prevents the binding of a full agonist.
At high receptor density - it disrupts lower values by increasing the initial response but
will lower the maximal response
With low receptor density - shifts the curve to the right and decreases the maximim
✔✔Noncompetitive Antagonists - ✔✔Shift the curve to the right and now is no longer
able to reach a 100% maximum value
✔✔What is Allosteric Modulations? What happens? - ✔✔Antagonist binds to a different
site than the agonist
Causes conformational change
✔✔What is one positive affect of Orthosteric antagonists - ✔✔the agonist binding site -
Allosteric modulators bind to more unique sites --> inhibition of multiple enzymes being
produced
Can potentiate natural responses (i.e. Alzeimer's)
✔✔What is Incomplete Inhibition? - ✔✔It is a change in the affinity for the agonist
binding no matter how much inhibitor you have binding some form of agonist binding
ANSWERS SCORED A+
✔✔Noncompetitive antagonist/Unsurmountable! - ✔✔Depression of dose-response
curves with no dextral displacement
Additional antagonist cannot be overcome by additional agonist
shift the original curve to the right and shifts the maximal down!
✔✔Unsurmountable and Unsaturable - ✔✔The maximal response is not really impacted
and you never really reach zero
You have dextral displacement with depression of maximum at higher concentrations
produced by noncompetitive antagonists in systems with a receptor reserved for the
antagonist
✔✔What is the formula for occupancy? - ✔✔([A]/Ka)/
([A]/Ka)+([B]/Kb) +1
✔✔How do you carry out an antagonist binding assay? - ✔✔Incubate a receptor with a
known agonist --> wash out the excess agonist --> add in the antagonist
Allow identification of the IC50
✔✔How do you carry out an antagonist response assay? - ✔✔Obtain dose response for
agonist --> repeat in presence of increasing antagonist concentrations
✔✔What is the formula for dose ratio? - ✔✔K'/K = EC50 with antagonist/EC50 without
antagonist
✔✔What is the pA2 value? - ✔✔The negative log of the concentration of antagonist
which will reduce the response of a tissue to a double dose of agonist to that of a single
dose of agonist
✔✔Is a higher or lower pA2 more potent? - ✔✔low - because it requires less
concentration to be effective
✔✔What is Schild Analysis? - ✔✔A tool for measuring the affinity of drugs to their
receptors
A graph on a log scale that depicts the response of a reaction on a a line with an
increased or decreased amount of confidence
✔✔What are the 5 types of Schild Analysis graphs? - ✔✔Non-competitive binding
, Competitive Binding
Cooperative binding
Heterogeneous Binding
Non-Equilibrium
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Noncompetitive binding look like? - ✔✔A half U
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Competitive binding look like? - ✔✔A straight line
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Cooperative binding look like? - ✔✔An upside down
half U
✔✔What does a Schild Analysis of Heterogeneous Receptors binding look like? -
✔✔Straight linear, a plateau, and then back to the same incline
✔✔What does a Shild Analysis of Non-equilibrium binding look like? - ✔✔A straight line
that tapers off but doesn't quite reach a maximal value.
✔✔What is an inverse agonist? - ✔✔An agonist that binds to a receptor, does not
impact the maximum, but decreases the response (shifts the curve to the right)
✔✔What is a partial agonist? - ✔✔An agonist that prevents the binding of a full agonist.
At high receptor density - it disrupts lower values by increasing the initial response but
will lower the maximal response
With low receptor density - shifts the curve to the right and decreases the maximim
✔✔Noncompetitive Antagonists - ✔✔Shift the curve to the right and now is no longer
able to reach a 100% maximum value
✔✔What is Allosteric Modulations? What happens? - ✔✔Antagonist binds to a different
site than the agonist
Causes conformational change
✔✔What is one positive affect of Orthosteric antagonists - ✔✔the agonist binding site -
Allosteric modulators bind to more unique sites --> inhibition of multiple enzymes being
produced
Can potentiate natural responses (i.e. Alzeimer's)
✔✔What is Incomplete Inhibition? - ✔✔It is a change in the affinity for the agonist
binding no matter how much inhibitor you have binding some form of agonist binding
