KNH 188 UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Diseases and medications - ✔✔- Some health conditions often lead to excess
weight gain, obesity or insulin resistance
- Examples- cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, or underactive thyroid
- Some medications also cause weight gain by disrupting the brains signal for hunger or
through other mechanisms
✔✔Stress - ✔✔- Long term stress can affect your brain
- Triggers your body to make high levels of hormones such as cortisol
- These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges
✔✔Environment and obesity - ✔✔- There are many factors in our environment that may
contribute to obesity
- Easy access to cheap high energy foods vs affordable healthy foods/beverages
- Food advertising
✔✔The pancreas: - ✔✔- An organ
- Part of the digestive and endocrine system
- Located across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach
- About 6 inches longs
✔✔The role of the pancreas: - ✔✔- Produces: enzymes that break down fat, protein,
and carbohydrate in the intestines
- Hormones that regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels (insulin, glucagon)
✔✔Normal Glucose metabolism: - ✔✔- Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose,
which is the body's main source of energy
- Insulin also stimulates the liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen
✔✔Diabetes: - ✔✔- Diabetes mellitus:
- The body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired
- Results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the
blood and urine
- Multiple types
✔✔Type 1 diabetes: - ✔✔- Beta cells in the pancreas do not produce insulin
- Autoimmune disease, cannot be prevented
- Accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases
✔✔Type 2 diabetes: - ✔✔- The pancreas beta cells fail to produce enough insulin, the
cells are resistant to insulin or both
- Chronic condition preventable
- 90-95% diabetes cases
, ✔✔What is insulin resistance? - ✔✔- Cells in your muscles, fat, and liver doesn't
respond well to insulin and can easily take up glucose from your blood
- Pancreas makes more insulin to help glucose enter your cells
- Over time your blood glucose levels rise
- If the problem isn't corrected you can develop type 2 diabetes
✔✔Diabetes in the US: 2020 national diabetes statistics report: - ✔✔- Diabetes:
- Total 34.2 million have diabetes (10.5% of the US population)
- Diagnosed 26.9 million people, including 26.8 million adults
Undiagnosed 7.3 million people (21.4% are undiagnosed)
- Prediabetes:
- Total 88 million people aged 18 years or older have prediabetes (34.5% of the adults
US population)
- 65 years or older 24.2 million people aged 65 years or older have prediabetes
✔✔Diabetes and blood vessels: - ✔✔- Over time glucose damages the inner linings of
both big and small arteries
- Narrowing of the arteries reducing blood flow and increasing pressure _hypertension)
- Damages to artery linings leading to atherosclerotic buildup
- If a significant number of blood vessels feeding organs become damaged the organs
affected will not be able to function effectively
✔✔Metabolic syndrome: - ✔✔- Metabolic syndrome is a group of five conditions that
can lead to heart disease, diabetes, stroke and other health problems. Metabolic
syndrome is diagnosed when someone has three or more of these risk factors:
- high blood glucose
- Low levels HDL cholesterol in the blood
- High levels of triglycerides in the blood
- Large waist circumference or apple shaped body
- High blood pressure
✔✔Risk factors for diabetes: - ✔✔- Weight: the more fatty tissue you have the more
resistant your cells become to insulin
- Inactivity: the less active you are the greater your risk. Physical activity helps you
control weight uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin
- Family history: your risk increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes
- Race or ethnicity: although it's unclear why. Certain people-including black, hispanic,
american, indian and asian american people- are at higher risk.
✔✔Glycated hemoglobin (AIC) test: - ✔✔- Blood test that indicates your average blood
sugars level for the past two to three months
- Measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying
protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin
you'll have with sugar attached
- An AIC level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes.
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Diseases and medications - ✔✔- Some health conditions often lead to excess
weight gain, obesity or insulin resistance
- Examples- cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, or underactive thyroid
- Some medications also cause weight gain by disrupting the brains signal for hunger or
through other mechanisms
✔✔Stress - ✔✔- Long term stress can affect your brain
- Triggers your body to make high levels of hormones such as cortisol
- These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges
✔✔Environment and obesity - ✔✔- There are many factors in our environment that may
contribute to obesity
- Easy access to cheap high energy foods vs affordable healthy foods/beverages
- Food advertising
✔✔The pancreas: - ✔✔- An organ
- Part of the digestive and endocrine system
- Located across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach
- About 6 inches longs
✔✔The role of the pancreas: - ✔✔- Produces: enzymes that break down fat, protein,
and carbohydrate in the intestines
- Hormones that regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels (insulin, glucagon)
✔✔Normal Glucose metabolism: - ✔✔- Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose,
which is the body's main source of energy
- Insulin also stimulates the liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen
✔✔Diabetes: - ✔✔- Diabetes mellitus:
- The body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired
- Results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the
blood and urine
- Multiple types
✔✔Type 1 diabetes: - ✔✔- Beta cells in the pancreas do not produce insulin
- Autoimmune disease, cannot be prevented
- Accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases
✔✔Type 2 diabetes: - ✔✔- The pancreas beta cells fail to produce enough insulin, the
cells are resistant to insulin or both
- Chronic condition preventable
- 90-95% diabetes cases
, ✔✔What is insulin resistance? - ✔✔- Cells in your muscles, fat, and liver doesn't
respond well to insulin and can easily take up glucose from your blood
- Pancreas makes more insulin to help glucose enter your cells
- Over time your blood glucose levels rise
- If the problem isn't corrected you can develop type 2 diabetes
✔✔Diabetes in the US: 2020 national diabetes statistics report: - ✔✔- Diabetes:
- Total 34.2 million have diabetes (10.5% of the US population)
- Diagnosed 26.9 million people, including 26.8 million adults
Undiagnosed 7.3 million people (21.4% are undiagnosed)
- Prediabetes:
- Total 88 million people aged 18 years or older have prediabetes (34.5% of the adults
US population)
- 65 years or older 24.2 million people aged 65 years or older have prediabetes
✔✔Diabetes and blood vessels: - ✔✔- Over time glucose damages the inner linings of
both big and small arteries
- Narrowing of the arteries reducing blood flow and increasing pressure _hypertension)
- Damages to artery linings leading to atherosclerotic buildup
- If a significant number of blood vessels feeding organs become damaged the organs
affected will not be able to function effectively
✔✔Metabolic syndrome: - ✔✔- Metabolic syndrome is a group of five conditions that
can lead to heart disease, diabetes, stroke and other health problems. Metabolic
syndrome is diagnosed when someone has three or more of these risk factors:
- high blood glucose
- Low levels HDL cholesterol in the blood
- High levels of triglycerides in the blood
- Large waist circumference or apple shaped body
- High blood pressure
✔✔Risk factors for diabetes: - ✔✔- Weight: the more fatty tissue you have the more
resistant your cells become to insulin
- Inactivity: the less active you are the greater your risk. Physical activity helps you
control weight uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin
- Family history: your risk increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes
- Race or ethnicity: although it's unclear why. Certain people-including black, hispanic,
american, indian and asian american people- are at higher risk.
✔✔Glycated hemoglobin (AIC) test: - ✔✔- Blood test that indicates your average blood
sugars level for the past two to three months
- Measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying
protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin
you'll have with sugar attached
- An AIC level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes.
