CTRI UPDATED PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Distal: - ✔✔Further or furthest from the trunk (e.g., hand is distal to the elbow).
✔✔Dorsiflexion: - ✔✔Bending the ankle in a way that brings the toes up.
✔✔Edema: - ✔✔Swelling.
✔✔Epilepsy: - ✔✔Seizure disorder.
✔✔Equilibrium: - ✔✔A state of balance.
✔✔Extension: - ✔✔To straighten the body or a joint. For example, extension of the
elbow results in straightening the arm.
✔✔External Rotation: - ✔✔To rotate outward away from the body's midline. In the realm
of EAAT, external rotation of the hips is discussed most frequently. To externally rotate
a hip, the thigh is turned away from the center of the body so that the knee points out,
away from the other knee. Extreme external rotation puts the individual at risk for hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Flaccid: - ✔✔A complete lack of tension in muscles; excessively relaxed or floppy.
An individual who has had a spinal cord injury may experience flaccid muscles below
the level of injury. Flaccid muscles surrounding a joint can cause instability of the joint.
✔✔Flexion: - ✔✔To bend the body or a joint. For example, flexion of the knee results in
the leg being bent.
✔✔Hemiplegia: - ✔✔Paralysis or paresis involving one side of body, either the right or
left side. May be a characteristic of brain injury or cerebral palsy.
✔✔Hyperextension: - ✔✔Straightening of a joint beyond the joint's normal position.
✔✔Hypertonia: - ✔✔Increased resting tension of a muscle. This may make it more
difficult to move a part of the body in a particular direction.
✔✔Hypotonia: - ✔✔Decreased resting tension of a muscle. This may cause the person
to use greater effort to move or hold theirselves up against gravity. Hypotonia may
cause greater instability of joint(s).
✔✔Incontinence: - ✔✔Inability to control urination and/or defecation.
, ✔✔Inferior: - ✔✔Below or lower than, in reference to anatomy. For example, the ankle
is inferior to the knee.
✔✔Internal Rotation: - ✔✔To rotate inward toward the body's midline. In the context of
EAAT, internal rotation is most often discussed in relation to the hips. Internal rotation of
the hip results in the thigh turning inward, toward the other leg, so that the knee points
toward the other leg. Internal rotation of the hip results in increased susceptibility to hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Kinesthesia: - ✔✔Conscious perception of extent, direction, position and weight of
movement of the body in space. Kinesthesia relies on the proprioceptive and vestibular
senses.
✔✔Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis (KAFO): - ✔✔Tall leg braces that help to position and/or
support the leg for walking, up to mid-thigh. KAFOs often need to be removed before
riding.
✔✔Kyphosis: - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively rounded
upper back. Kyphosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Lateral: - ✔✔Side, or to the side.
✔✔Lateral Flexion: - ✔✔Movement of the head and/or trunk sideways, away from the
midline of the body. Lateral flexion is observed in the rider's trunk as they sit on a
walking equine.
✔✔Lordosis: - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively arched
lower back. Lordosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Medial: - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔Microtrauma: - ✔✔Slight injury or lesion.
✔✔Midline: - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔Ocular Control: - ✔✔The basis of all aspects of vision, consisting of three
components:
Fixation: Holding the eyes still in order to look at something.
Visual Tracking: Ability to follow movement with the eyes after first fixating the eyes on
something.
Focus: The ability to rapidly change from looking at a near to far object, or from far to
near.
✔✔Exercises to develop topline: - ✔✔-Transitions
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Distal: - ✔✔Further or furthest from the trunk (e.g., hand is distal to the elbow).
✔✔Dorsiflexion: - ✔✔Bending the ankle in a way that brings the toes up.
✔✔Edema: - ✔✔Swelling.
✔✔Epilepsy: - ✔✔Seizure disorder.
✔✔Equilibrium: - ✔✔A state of balance.
✔✔Extension: - ✔✔To straighten the body or a joint. For example, extension of the
elbow results in straightening the arm.
✔✔External Rotation: - ✔✔To rotate outward away from the body's midline. In the realm
of EAAT, external rotation of the hips is discussed most frequently. To externally rotate
a hip, the thigh is turned away from the center of the body so that the knee points out,
away from the other knee. Extreme external rotation puts the individual at risk for hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Flaccid: - ✔✔A complete lack of tension in muscles; excessively relaxed or floppy.
An individual who has had a spinal cord injury may experience flaccid muscles below
the level of injury. Flaccid muscles surrounding a joint can cause instability of the joint.
✔✔Flexion: - ✔✔To bend the body or a joint. For example, flexion of the knee results in
the leg being bent.
✔✔Hemiplegia: - ✔✔Paralysis or paresis involving one side of body, either the right or
left side. May be a characteristic of brain injury or cerebral palsy.
✔✔Hyperextension: - ✔✔Straightening of a joint beyond the joint's normal position.
✔✔Hypertonia: - ✔✔Increased resting tension of a muscle. This may make it more
difficult to move a part of the body in a particular direction.
✔✔Hypotonia: - ✔✔Decreased resting tension of a muscle. This may cause the person
to use greater effort to move or hold theirselves up against gravity. Hypotonia may
cause greater instability of joint(s).
✔✔Incontinence: - ✔✔Inability to control urination and/or defecation.
, ✔✔Inferior: - ✔✔Below or lower than, in reference to anatomy. For example, the ankle
is inferior to the knee.
✔✔Internal Rotation: - ✔✔To rotate inward toward the body's midline. In the context of
EAAT, internal rotation is most often discussed in relation to the hips. Internal rotation of
the hip results in the thigh turning inward, toward the other leg, so that the knee points
toward the other leg. Internal rotation of the hip results in increased susceptibility to hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Kinesthesia: - ✔✔Conscious perception of extent, direction, position and weight of
movement of the body in space. Kinesthesia relies on the proprioceptive and vestibular
senses.
✔✔Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis (KAFO): - ✔✔Tall leg braces that help to position and/or
support the leg for walking, up to mid-thigh. KAFOs often need to be removed before
riding.
✔✔Kyphosis: - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively rounded
upper back. Kyphosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Lateral: - ✔✔Side, or to the side.
✔✔Lateral Flexion: - ✔✔Movement of the head and/or trunk sideways, away from the
midline of the body. Lateral flexion is observed in the rider's trunk as they sit on a
walking equine.
✔✔Lordosis: - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively arched
lower back. Lordosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Medial: - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔Microtrauma: - ✔✔Slight injury or lesion.
✔✔Midline: - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔Ocular Control: - ✔✔The basis of all aspects of vision, consisting of three
components:
Fixation: Holding the eyes still in order to look at something.
Visual Tracking: Ability to follow movement with the eyes after first fixating the eyes on
something.
Focus: The ability to rapidly change from looking at a near to far object, or from far to
near.
✔✔Exercises to develop topline: - ✔✔-Transitions
