BIO 256 UPDATED STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔GIP & GLP - ✔✔secreted by small intestine in response to presence of food.
stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, increasing blood glucose concentration
✔✔Motilin, substance P, bombesin - ✔✔stimulate motility of intestines
✔✔vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) - ✔✔stimulates secretion of ions and water
by intestines
inhibits gastric acid secretion
✔✔gastrin-releasing peptide - ✔✔stimulates release of gastrin
✔✔somatostatin - ✔✔inhibits gastrin release
✔✔Thyroid hormone functions: - ✔✔mobilize proteins, mobilize triglycerides, making
glycerol available for gluconeogenesis
stimulates lipolysis
stimulates protein synthesis
regulates basal metabolic rate
requires iodide for synthesizing thyroid hormones
✔✔Absorptive cells - ✔✔contain enzymes that digest food an possess microvilli that
absorb nutrients from chyme
✔✔goblet cells - ✔✔secrete mucus
✔✔intestinal glands - ✔✔secrete intestinal juice, contain paneth cells and
enteroendocrine cells
✔✔paneth cells - ✔✔secrete lysozyme and capable of phagocytosis
✔✔enteroendocrine cells - ✔✔s cells, cck cells, k cells
✔✔salivary glands - ✔✔produce saliva - softens, moistens, and dissolves food,
cleanses mouth and teeth
contains salivary amylase (starch digestion), sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,
phosphate, urea, uric acid, mucus, IgA, lysozyme
three pairs: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
✔✔defecation - ✔✔eliminates feces from the rectum through the anus
✔✔jejunum - ✔✔main site of absorption of food and water
, ✔✔Liver functions - ✔✔secretion of bile
carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
processing of drugs and hormones
excretion of bilirubin
synthesis of bile salts
storage - glycogen, vitamins A, B12, D, E, K and minerals
phagocytosis
activation of vitamin D
✔✔macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, proteins, fats
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
✔✔purpose of carbohydrates - ✔✔energy from glucose
✔✔order of use - ✔✔carbs, fats, proteins
✔✔simple carbohydrates - ✔✔mono or disaccharides
✔✔complex carbohydrates - ✔✔polysaccharides
✔✔results of acidic body - ✔✔kidney failure, stroke, heart attack
✔✔Liver - ✔✔job is to manage fat
creates 80% of cholesterol from food
✔✔cholesterol - ✔✔fat and protein
✔✔saturated fat - ✔✔all carbons have single bonds
✔✔unsaturated fats - ✔✔some double or triple carbon bonds, easier to break apart
✔✔transfats - ✔✔having chains on both sides in "trans" position, difficult to process
✔✔complete proteins - ✔✔have all 20 amino acids, animal proteins
✔✔incomplete proteins - ✔✔do not have all amino acids, plant proteins
✔✔functions of proteins - ✔✔cellular structure, enzymes, immunity, antigens,
antibodies, interleukins, interferons, MHC, acid/base buffer system, interstitial fluid vs.
capillary pressure, energy
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔GIP & GLP - ✔✔secreted by small intestine in response to presence of food.
stimulates release of insulin from pancreas, increasing blood glucose concentration
✔✔Motilin, substance P, bombesin - ✔✔stimulate motility of intestines
✔✔vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) - ✔✔stimulates secretion of ions and water
by intestines
inhibits gastric acid secretion
✔✔gastrin-releasing peptide - ✔✔stimulates release of gastrin
✔✔somatostatin - ✔✔inhibits gastrin release
✔✔Thyroid hormone functions: - ✔✔mobilize proteins, mobilize triglycerides, making
glycerol available for gluconeogenesis
stimulates lipolysis
stimulates protein synthesis
regulates basal metabolic rate
requires iodide for synthesizing thyroid hormones
✔✔Absorptive cells - ✔✔contain enzymes that digest food an possess microvilli that
absorb nutrients from chyme
✔✔goblet cells - ✔✔secrete mucus
✔✔intestinal glands - ✔✔secrete intestinal juice, contain paneth cells and
enteroendocrine cells
✔✔paneth cells - ✔✔secrete lysozyme and capable of phagocytosis
✔✔enteroendocrine cells - ✔✔s cells, cck cells, k cells
✔✔salivary glands - ✔✔produce saliva - softens, moistens, and dissolves food,
cleanses mouth and teeth
contains salivary amylase (starch digestion), sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,
phosphate, urea, uric acid, mucus, IgA, lysozyme
three pairs: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
✔✔defecation - ✔✔eliminates feces from the rectum through the anus
✔✔jejunum - ✔✔main site of absorption of food and water
, ✔✔Liver functions - ✔✔secretion of bile
carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
processing of drugs and hormones
excretion of bilirubin
synthesis of bile salts
storage - glycogen, vitamins A, B12, D, E, K and minerals
phagocytosis
activation of vitamin D
✔✔macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, proteins, fats
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
✔✔purpose of carbohydrates - ✔✔energy from glucose
✔✔order of use - ✔✔carbs, fats, proteins
✔✔simple carbohydrates - ✔✔mono or disaccharides
✔✔complex carbohydrates - ✔✔polysaccharides
✔✔results of acidic body - ✔✔kidney failure, stroke, heart attack
✔✔Liver - ✔✔job is to manage fat
creates 80% of cholesterol from food
✔✔cholesterol - ✔✔fat and protein
✔✔saturated fat - ✔✔all carbons have single bonds
✔✔unsaturated fats - ✔✔some double or triple carbon bonds, easier to break apart
✔✔transfats - ✔✔having chains on both sides in "trans" position, difficult to process
✔✔complete proteins - ✔✔have all 20 amino acids, animal proteins
✔✔incomplete proteins - ✔✔do not have all amino acids, plant proteins
✔✔functions of proteins - ✔✔cellular structure, enzymes, immunity, antigens,
antibodies, interleukins, interferons, MHC, acid/base buffer system, interstitial fluid vs.
capillary pressure, energy
