QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
AND STATISTICS PEREGRINE
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What are the five ways of knowing/learning information? Answer: 1.
Authority, 2. Intuition, 3. Rationalism, 4. Empiricism, 5. Scientific
Method.
⩥ What is a good hypothesis? Answer: A testable statement that predicts
the relationship between variables.
⩥ What is measurement validity? Answer: The degree to which a
measurement accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure.
⩥ What is measurement reliability? Answer: The consistency of a
measure; a reliable measure yields the same results under consistent
conditions.
⩥ What are the scales of measurement? Answer: Nominal, Ordinal,
Interval, and Ratio.
⩥ What is the purpose of a representative sample? Answer: To ensure
that the sample accurately reflects the population from which it is drawn.
,⩥ What are the six major ethical issues in research? Answer: 1. Informed
consent, 2. Confidentiality, 3. Deception, 4. Debriefing, 5. Risk of harm,
6. Vulnerable populations.
⩥ What are the five quantitative research strategies? Answer: 1.
Descriptive, 2. Correlational, 3. Experimental, 4. Quasi-experimental, 5.
Non-experimental.
⩥ What is internal validity? Answer: The extent to which a study can
establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
⩥ What is external validity? Answer: The extent to which study findings
can be generalized to settings, people, and times beyond the study.
⩥ What is the goal of descriptive research? Answer: To provide a
detailed account of a phenomenon without manipulating variables.
⩥ What are the hallmark features of correlational design? Answer: It
examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating
them.
⩥ What is the directionality problem in correlational research? Answer:
The inability to determine which variable influences the other.
,⩥ What is a non-experimental design? Answer: A research design that
does not involve manipulation of variables and lacks random
assignment.
⩥ What distinguishes quasi-experimental designs from true
experiments? Answer: Quasi-experimental designs lack random
assignment to groups.
⩥ What is the goal of an experimental research strategy? Answer: To
establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one or more
independent variables.
⩥ What are the three ways to control for confounds in experimental
research? Answer: 1. Random assignment, 2. Matching, 3. Control
groups.
⩥ What is a between-subjects design? Answer: A research design where
different participants are assigned to different conditions.
⩥ What is a within-subjects design? Answer: A research design where
the same participants are exposed to all conditions.
⩥ What are individual differences in research? Answer: Variations
among participants that can affect the outcome of a study.
, ⩥ What are factorial designs? Answer: Research designs that examine
the effects of two or more independent variables simultaneously.
⩥ What is a main effect in factorial designs? Answer: The effect of one
independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the
levels of other variables.
⩥ What is an interaction effect in factorial designs? Answer: When the
effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable differs
depending on the level of another independent variable.
⩥ How can you observe a main effect and interaction in data? Answer:
By examining the differences in means across groups in a data structure
or figure.
⩥ What is the significance of avoiding biases in research? Answer: To
ensure the integrity and validity of the research findings.
⩥ What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Answer: Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and statistical
analysis, while qualitative research focuses on understanding subjective
experiences and meanings.
AND STATISTICS PEREGRINE
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What are the five ways of knowing/learning information? Answer: 1.
Authority, 2. Intuition, 3. Rationalism, 4. Empiricism, 5. Scientific
Method.
⩥ What is a good hypothesis? Answer: A testable statement that predicts
the relationship between variables.
⩥ What is measurement validity? Answer: The degree to which a
measurement accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure.
⩥ What is measurement reliability? Answer: The consistency of a
measure; a reliable measure yields the same results under consistent
conditions.
⩥ What are the scales of measurement? Answer: Nominal, Ordinal,
Interval, and Ratio.
⩥ What is the purpose of a representative sample? Answer: To ensure
that the sample accurately reflects the population from which it is drawn.
,⩥ What are the six major ethical issues in research? Answer: 1. Informed
consent, 2. Confidentiality, 3. Deception, 4. Debriefing, 5. Risk of harm,
6. Vulnerable populations.
⩥ What are the five quantitative research strategies? Answer: 1.
Descriptive, 2. Correlational, 3. Experimental, 4. Quasi-experimental, 5.
Non-experimental.
⩥ What is internal validity? Answer: The extent to which a study can
establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
⩥ What is external validity? Answer: The extent to which study findings
can be generalized to settings, people, and times beyond the study.
⩥ What is the goal of descriptive research? Answer: To provide a
detailed account of a phenomenon without manipulating variables.
⩥ What are the hallmark features of correlational design? Answer: It
examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating
them.
⩥ What is the directionality problem in correlational research? Answer:
The inability to determine which variable influences the other.
,⩥ What is a non-experimental design? Answer: A research design that
does not involve manipulation of variables and lacks random
assignment.
⩥ What distinguishes quasi-experimental designs from true
experiments? Answer: Quasi-experimental designs lack random
assignment to groups.
⩥ What is the goal of an experimental research strategy? Answer: To
establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one or more
independent variables.
⩥ What are the three ways to control for confounds in experimental
research? Answer: 1. Random assignment, 2. Matching, 3. Control
groups.
⩥ What is a between-subjects design? Answer: A research design where
different participants are assigned to different conditions.
⩥ What is a within-subjects design? Answer: A research design where
the same participants are exposed to all conditions.
⩥ What are individual differences in research? Answer: Variations
among participants that can affect the outcome of a study.
, ⩥ What are factorial designs? Answer: Research designs that examine
the effects of two or more independent variables simultaneously.
⩥ What is a main effect in factorial designs? Answer: The effect of one
independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the
levels of other variables.
⩥ What is an interaction effect in factorial designs? Answer: When the
effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable differs
depending on the level of another independent variable.
⩥ How can you observe a main effect and interaction in data? Answer:
By examining the differences in means across groups in a data structure
or figure.
⩥ What is the significance of avoiding biases in research? Answer: To
ensure the integrity and validity of the research findings.
⩥ What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Answer: Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and statistical
analysis, while qualitative research focuses on understanding subjective
experiences and meanings.
