ISYE 6501 Final Exam 2025|Questions and
Answers|100% Correct-GT
1-norm - -answer-Similar to rectilinear distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an m-dimensional space, then it's 1-norm is square
root(|𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧𝑚| = |𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧| = Σm over i=1 |𝑧𝑖|
A/B Testing - -answer-testing two alternatives to see which one performs better
2-norm - -answer-Similar to Euclidian distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an 𝑚-dimensional space, then its 2-norm is the same as 1-norm
but everything is squared= square root(Σm over i=1 (|𝑧𝑖|)^2)
Accuracy - -answer-Fraction of data points correctly classified by a model; equal to TP+TN /
TP+FP+TN+FN
Action - -answer-In ARENA, something that is done to an entity.
Markov chain - -answer-Process where a system changes its state in a way that depends only on its
current state.
,Markov decision process - -answer-Markov chain model where decisions are made at some states, and
state transitions have associated rewards.
MARS (Multi-adaptive regression splines.) - -answer-Specific regression spline model that has become
commonly-used. Also called "earth".
Mathematical Programming - -answer-Mathematical optimization, often using variables, constraints,
and objective function.
Maximization Problem - -answer-Optimization model where the objective is to find the feasible solution
that maximizes the value of the objective function.
Maximum Flow Problem - -answer-Network optimization model that finds the most flow that can be
sent from one specific node to another.
maximum likelihood - -answer-A method that finds the set of parameter values for which a model is
most likely to generate the actual values of the data.
McNemar's test - -answer-Nonparametric test for comparing paired samples where the output is yes/no
(or A/B, or 0/1, etc.).
Memoryless (distribution) - -answer-Probability distributions where the past history of outcomes does
not influence the probability of the outcome of future events. The exponential and geometric
distributions have this property.
Memoryless (Markov chain) - -answer-Property that the next state of the system is dependent only on
the current state, not any previous states.
Minimization Problem - -answer-Optimization model where the objective is to find the feasible solution
that minimizes the value of the objective function.
,Minkowski distance (of order 𝑝) - -answer-The 𝑝-norm distance between two points. If 𝑥=(𝑥1,𝑥2,...,𝑥𝑚)
and 𝑦=(𝑦1,𝑦2,...,𝑦𝑚) are two points in an 𝑚-dimensional space, p-root
(|𝑥1−𝑦1|^𝑝+|𝑥2−𝑦2|^𝑝+⋯+|xm−ym|^𝑝) = p-root( Σ m over i=1 |𝑥𝑖−𝑦𝑖|^p)
misclassified - -answer-Put into the wrong category by a classifier.
miss rate - -answer-Fraction of data points in a certain category that are incorrectly classified by a
model; equal to FN/ TP+FN. Also called false negative rate.
Missing data - -answer-Values of data that are missing from a data set
Mixed strategy/randomized strategy - -answer-A strategy where a participant's action is determined
randomly according to probabilities
Model (mathematical) - -answer-A mathematical description of a system. Because real-life systems are
complex, mathematical models of them are only approximate. In analytics, the term "model" is used in
at least three different ways: (1) A general type of mathematical approach, like "regression"; (2) A
general type of mathematical approach with specific parameters, like "regression using credit score and
income as predictors"; (3) A general type of mathematical approach with specific parameters and values
for the parameters, like "regression, with the prediction equal to 100,000, plus 100 times credit score,
plus 3 times income".
Modularity - -answer-Measure of the density of connections between communicates in a network.
Module - -answer-In ARENA, a building-block of a simulation, or the process, resource, etc. it represents.
Most Optimal - -answer-Please don't say this (or "more optimal"). "Optimal" means "best", and "most
best" or "more best" are not proper English.
Moving Average - -answer-Smoothing technique that replaces data values with the mean of a number of
consecutive observed values.
, multi-armed bandit - -answer-Model that allows the tradeoff between exploration of unknown
resources and exploitation of known resources to optimize output.
Multiplicative seasonality - -answer-Seasonal effect that is multiplied by a baseline value (for example,
"the temperature in June is 20% higher than the annual baseline").
Multiplier - -answer-A term that something is multiplied by. For example, to change units from meters
to centimeters, the multiplier is 100.
Negative likelihood ratio - -answer-Ratio of the fraction of data points in a certain category that are
misclassified as not in the cateogry, to the fraction of data points not in the category that are correctly
classified as not being in the category; equal to (1-sensitivity)/specificity = (FN/(FN+TP)) / (TN/(TN+FP))
Negative predictive value - -answer-Fraction of data points classified as not in a certain category that are
really not in that category; equal to TN / TN+FN
Network - -answer-Model where locations (nodes or vertices) are connected by arcs or edges, with flow
on the arcs from node to node.
Network Optimization problem - -answer-Optimization problem that can be modeled as a network with
nodes and arcs, where each variable represents the flow on an arc, with constraints to ensure that the
flow into each node equals the flow out of it, and to put a capacity on the flow on each arc.
Neural network - -answer-A machine learning model that itself is modeled after the workings of neurons
in the brain.
node - -answer-Location in a network. In a network model, there is a constraint for each node to ensure
that the incoming flow equals the outgoing flow. Also called a vertex.
non-convex program - -answer-Optimization model where the constraint set is not convex, and/or the
objective function is to minimize a nonconvex function or to maximize a nonconcave function.
Answers|100% Correct-GT
1-norm - -answer-Similar to rectilinear distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an m-dimensional space, then it's 1-norm is square
root(|𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧𝑚| = |𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧| = Σm over i=1 |𝑧𝑖|
A/B Testing - -answer-testing two alternatives to see which one performs better
2-norm - -answer-Similar to Euclidian distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an 𝑚-dimensional space, then its 2-norm is the same as 1-norm
but everything is squared= square root(Σm over i=1 (|𝑧𝑖|)^2)
Accuracy - -answer-Fraction of data points correctly classified by a model; equal to TP+TN /
TP+FP+TN+FN
Action - -answer-In ARENA, something that is done to an entity.
Markov chain - -answer-Process where a system changes its state in a way that depends only on its
current state.
,Markov decision process - -answer-Markov chain model where decisions are made at some states, and
state transitions have associated rewards.
MARS (Multi-adaptive regression splines.) - -answer-Specific regression spline model that has become
commonly-used. Also called "earth".
Mathematical Programming - -answer-Mathematical optimization, often using variables, constraints,
and objective function.
Maximization Problem - -answer-Optimization model where the objective is to find the feasible solution
that maximizes the value of the objective function.
Maximum Flow Problem - -answer-Network optimization model that finds the most flow that can be
sent from one specific node to another.
maximum likelihood - -answer-A method that finds the set of parameter values for which a model is
most likely to generate the actual values of the data.
McNemar's test - -answer-Nonparametric test for comparing paired samples where the output is yes/no
(or A/B, or 0/1, etc.).
Memoryless (distribution) - -answer-Probability distributions where the past history of outcomes does
not influence the probability of the outcome of future events. The exponential and geometric
distributions have this property.
Memoryless (Markov chain) - -answer-Property that the next state of the system is dependent only on
the current state, not any previous states.
Minimization Problem - -answer-Optimization model where the objective is to find the feasible solution
that minimizes the value of the objective function.
,Minkowski distance (of order 𝑝) - -answer-The 𝑝-norm distance between two points. If 𝑥=(𝑥1,𝑥2,...,𝑥𝑚)
and 𝑦=(𝑦1,𝑦2,...,𝑦𝑚) are two points in an 𝑚-dimensional space, p-root
(|𝑥1−𝑦1|^𝑝+|𝑥2−𝑦2|^𝑝+⋯+|xm−ym|^𝑝) = p-root( Σ m over i=1 |𝑥𝑖−𝑦𝑖|^p)
misclassified - -answer-Put into the wrong category by a classifier.
miss rate - -answer-Fraction of data points in a certain category that are incorrectly classified by a
model; equal to FN/ TP+FN. Also called false negative rate.
Missing data - -answer-Values of data that are missing from a data set
Mixed strategy/randomized strategy - -answer-A strategy where a participant's action is determined
randomly according to probabilities
Model (mathematical) - -answer-A mathematical description of a system. Because real-life systems are
complex, mathematical models of them are only approximate. In analytics, the term "model" is used in
at least three different ways: (1) A general type of mathematical approach, like "regression"; (2) A
general type of mathematical approach with specific parameters, like "regression using credit score and
income as predictors"; (3) A general type of mathematical approach with specific parameters and values
for the parameters, like "regression, with the prediction equal to 100,000, plus 100 times credit score,
plus 3 times income".
Modularity - -answer-Measure of the density of connections between communicates in a network.
Module - -answer-In ARENA, a building-block of a simulation, or the process, resource, etc. it represents.
Most Optimal - -answer-Please don't say this (or "more optimal"). "Optimal" means "best", and "most
best" or "more best" are not proper English.
Moving Average - -answer-Smoothing technique that replaces data values with the mean of a number of
consecutive observed values.
, multi-armed bandit - -answer-Model that allows the tradeoff between exploration of unknown
resources and exploitation of known resources to optimize output.
Multiplicative seasonality - -answer-Seasonal effect that is multiplied by a baseline value (for example,
"the temperature in June is 20% higher than the annual baseline").
Multiplier - -answer-A term that something is multiplied by. For example, to change units from meters
to centimeters, the multiplier is 100.
Negative likelihood ratio - -answer-Ratio of the fraction of data points in a certain category that are
misclassified as not in the cateogry, to the fraction of data points not in the category that are correctly
classified as not being in the category; equal to (1-sensitivity)/specificity = (FN/(FN+TP)) / (TN/(TN+FP))
Negative predictive value - -answer-Fraction of data points classified as not in a certain category that are
really not in that category; equal to TN / TN+FN
Network - -answer-Model where locations (nodes or vertices) are connected by arcs or edges, with flow
on the arcs from node to node.
Network Optimization problem - -answer-Optimization problem that can be modeled as a network with
nodes and arcs, where each variable represents the flow on an arc, with constraints to ensure that the
flow into each node equals the flow out of it, and to put a capacity on the flow on each arc.
Neural network - -answer-A machine learning model that itself is modeled after the workings of neurons
in the brain.
node - -answer-Location in a network. In a network model, there is a constraint for each node to ensure
that the incoming flow equals the outgoing flow. Also called a vertex.
non-convex program - -answer-Optimization model where the constraint set is not convex, and/or the
objective function is to minimize a nonconvex function or to maximize a nonconcave function.
